oral com exam 1 review

Communication

The process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media

Message

The "package" of information that is transported during communication

Interaction

When people exchange a series of messages

Context

The situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it

Channel

The sensory dimension along which communicators transmit information

Self-Presentation Goals

Involves presenting yourself in certain ways so others will view you as you want them to

Instrumental Goals

Practical objectives you want to achieve or tasks you want to accomplish

Relationship Goals

Building, maintaining, or terminating bonds with others

Linear Model of Communication

Communication is an activity in which information flows in one direction, from a starting point to an end point

Sender

Individual who generates, the information to be communicated

Receiver

The person or people who for whom a message is intended for

Noise

Distractions that change how the message is received

Encoding

The processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Decoding

Interpretation of the language and symbols sent by the source through a channel

Interactive Communication Model

Views communication as a process involving senders and receivers, however communication is influenced with feedback

Feedback

The response to a message

Fields of experience

Consist of the beliefs, attitudes, values, and experiences that each participant brings to a communication event

Transnational communication Model

Views communication as multi directional; participants mutually influence one another's communication behavior

Rhetoric

The theory and practice of persuading others through speech

Mediated Communication

Communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in face-to-face encounters.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between two people in which the messages exchanged have a significant influence on the participants' thoughts, behaviors, and relationships.

Small Group Communication

Three or more interdependent persons who share a common identity

Public Communication

The process of preparing and delivering a message to an audience to achieve a specific purpose

Organizational Communication

Communication with a big group, takes place in a business environment

Interpersonal Communication-

Talking with yourself

Impersonal Communication

Communication without reference or connection to a particular person, no biased opinions

Communication Competence

Consistently communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical

Appropriateness

The degree to which your communication matches expectations regarding how people should communicate

Self-Monitoring

The process of observing our own communication and the norms of the situation in order to make appropriate communication choices

Effectiveness

The ability to use communication to accomplish interpersonal goals ( self- presentation, instrumental, and relationship)

Ethics

The set of moral principles that guide your behavior toward others

Communication Skills

Repeatable goal-directed behaviors and behavioral patterns that you routinely practice in your interpersonal encounters and relationships

Self

An evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem

Social comparison

You assign meaning to others and compare yourself to them

Self-awareness

The ability to view yourself as a unique person distinct from your surrounding environment and to reflect on your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. In short asking yourself. Who am I?

Critical self-reflection

A special kind of self-awareness that focuses on evaluating and improving your communication

Self-concept

Your overall assessment of who you are

Self-Verification Theory

You often choose your relational partners based on how well they support your self-concept

Self-Fulfilling prophecy

Predictions you make about interactions that cause you to communicate in ways that make those predictions come true

Self-esteem

The overall value you assign yourself

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Your self-esteem is determined by how you compare to two mental standards.

The first standard is your ideal self- all the qualities you want to possess.

The second standard is your ought self- the person you think others want you to be

Individualistic culture

A culture that teaches individual goals matter more than group goals

Collectivistic culture

A culture that teaches the importance of belonging to groups that look after you in exchange for your loyalty.

Gender

The set of social, psychological, and cultural attributes that characterize a person as male or female

Transgender Persons

People who possess a strong sense of gendered self-identity that doesn't correspond to the biological sex they were born with.

Face

The positive self you want others to see and believe

Mask

An outward presentation designed to cover private aspects of your self

Embarrassment

Feelings of shame, humiliation, and sadness

Perception

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from your senses

Closure

The illusion of seeing an incomplete image as though it were whole

Perceptual Sets

Assuming without fully thinking it through

Selection

The first step of perception. You focus your attention on certain sights, sounds, tastes, touches, or smells in your environment.

Organization

The second step of perception. Once you've selected something to focus your attention on, you structure the information you receive through your senses into a coherent pattern in your mind

Interpretation

The third step of perception. Assigning meaning to the information you've selected.

Attributions

There are two types.

One is external factors or events-things outside the person- caused the person's behavior

Second is internal factors-personality, character, emotions-caused the person to act as he or she did

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal rather than external forces

Actor-observer effect

The tendency to make external attributions regarding your own behaviors

Self-serving bias

By crediting yourself for your successes you feel better about who you are and the skills you possess

Impressions

Mental images of who people are and how you feel about them

Gestalts

A general impression of a person that's positive or negative

Halo effect

Because of positive gestalt, you may dismiss the significance of behavior

Algebraic impressions

Analyzing the positive and negative things you learn about someone to calculate an overall impression, then updating this impression as you learn new information

Stereotyping

Takes the subtle complexities that make people unique and replace them with blanket assumptions about their character and worth based solely on their social group affiliations

Perception Blinders (blindering)

Limiting the possibilities to solve problems because of preexisting knowledge. ex- think outside the box for problem solving

Perception-checking

A five step process for testing your impression of someone and avoiding errors in judgement

Empathy

When you feel into others thoughts and emotions, making an attempt to identify with them

Empathy mindset

Our beliefs about whether empathy is something that can be developed and controlled

Johari Window Model

Things you know and other know about you

Mediated Communication

communication with others that is separated, or "mediated," by some type of technological device

Mass Media

Mediated communication vehicles that involve the sending of messages from content creators to huge anonymous audiences

Social Media

enable communicators to directly send and receive messages in real time or across time intervals menage their personal and professional relationships

Hashtag Activism

Using social media in a community-based fashion including heightening public awareness awareness of important causes

Synchronous Communication

A back and forth exchange of messages that occurs in real time

Asynchronous Communication

time lapses exist between messages

Cues-Filtered-Out Model

Many of the cues vital for making sense of messages are not available; they are filtered out

Social Information Processing Theory

People communicating through social media compensate for lack of nonverbal cues by taking more care when choosing their words

Warranting Value

The information presented. Information is supported by other people and outside evidence.

ex- Used when looking at someone's online profile

Online Disihibition

When using technology people often feel free to say things- good and bad- that they'd never say to someone face-to-face

ex- messaging over Instagram, retweeting at someone, commenting on photos

Empathy Deficits

A dramatic reduction in your ability to experience the other persons feelings

Deception

The deliberate use of uninformative, untruthful, irrelevant, or vague language for the purpose of misleading others

types- avoidance, concealment, lying, vague

Digital Deception

Anyone who sends messages that intentionally mislead or create a false belief in recipients

Identity-Based Digital Deception

Someone falsely misrepresents his or her identity or gender

Message-Based Digital Deception

Manipulation of information with the intent of misleading recipients

Butler Lies

People use to avoid conversation, prevent embarrassment or simply be polite

Flaming

When people say vicious and aggressive things online that they would never say in person

Trolling

Some people post flame messages on purpose to start fights

Online Harassment

Messages perceived by the recipient as disturbing, threatening, or obsessive

Cyberbullying

the communication patterns become persistent and are used to exert power over someone

Culture

Established set of beliefs, attitudes,values, and practices shared by a large group of people

Co-Cultures

Smaller groups of culture within a larger cultural mass

Co-Cultural Communication Theory

the people who have more power within a society determine the dominant culture, because they get to decide the prevailing views, values, and traditions of the society

Ingroupers

People you can consider as similar to yourself

Outgroupers

You may perceive people who aren't similar to yourself