Chapter 10 - 15 Flashcards

The European reconnaissance of the world's oceans

The exploration and mapping of the world's oceans by Europeans

Motives for exploration

Europeans sought new resources

Resource-poor Portugal searched for fresh resources

Portugal ventured into the Atlantic from the 13th to 15th centuries in search of new opportunities.

Established sugar plantations in the Atlantic islands

Portuguese colonization supported sugar production and trade in the Atlantic islands.

The lure of direct trade without Muslim intermediaries

European powers sought to bypass Muslim traders to directly access Asian and African goods.

Asian spice trade

A major motivation for European exploration to access valuable spices from Asia.

African gold

ivory

Missionary efforts of European Christians

Europeans sought to spread Christianity globally

New Testament urged Christians to spread the faith throughout the world

The Bible inspired European missionary work as part of their exploration efforts.

Crusades and holy wars against Muslims in early centuries

European history of religious conflict motivated further expansions into Muslim territories.

Reconquista of Spain inspired Iberian crusaders

The successful reclaiming of Spain from Muslim rule fueled further exploration and conquests.

Various motives combined and reinforced each other

Religious

The technology of exploration

Innovations like the sternpost rudder and advanced sails enabled long-distance maritime travel.

Sternpost rudder and two types of sails

These technological advances allowed ships to sail more effectively against the wind.

Navigational instruments

Tools like the magnetic compass and astrolabe improved maritime navigation.

Magnetic compass

A navigational tool that indicated direction and greatly improved sea travel.

Astrolabe (and cross and back staffs)

Instruments used to determine latitude during sea voyages.

Knowledge of winds and currents

European mariners learned to use trade winds

Trade winds north and south of the equator

Predictable wind patterns that facilitated transoceanic voyages.

Regular monsoons in Indian Ocean basin

Seasonal winds that shaped trade and travel routes in the Indian Ocean.

The volta do mar

A navigational strategy using prevailing winds and currents to travel efficiently across the Atlantic.

Dom Henrique

king of Portugal

Portuguese conquered Ceuta in north Africa in 1415

Marked the beginning of Portuguese expansion into Africa.

Trading posts at Sao Jorge da Mina

Portuguese-established posts in West Africa for gold trade.

Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope

Bartolomeu Dias reached the Indian Ocean by rounding Africa's southern tip in 1488.

Vasco da Gama of Portugal

Navigator who crossed the Indian Ocean and reached India in 1497

Portuguese trading post at Calicut

Established in 1500

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who proposed sailing west to reach Asia and discovered the Americas in 1492.

Columbus's voyage

Linked the eastern and western hemispheres

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the first circumnavigation of the globe (1519–1522).

Exploration of the Pacific

Took centuries to complete

Trade route between the Philippines and Mexico

Spanish merchants facilitated global trade with Manila galleons.

English mariners searched for a northwest passage

Attempted to find a direct route from Europe to Asia via the Arctic.

Captain James Cook

British explorer who led three major expeditions and expanded European geographical knowledge.

Portuguese trading-post empire

Over 50 posts established between West Africa and East Asia to control trade routes.

Alfonso d'Alboquerque

Portuguese commander who captured key trade cities in the Indian Ocean in the 1500s.

Joint-stock companies

English and Dutch enterprises that financed and organized global trade efficiently.

The English East India Company

A powerful trading company founded in 1600 to manage British trade in Asia.

The United East India Company (VOC)

Dutch trading company founded in 1602 that dominated spice trade.

Spanish conquest of the Philippines

Led by Miguel López de Legazpi

Dutch conquest of Java

VOC established a monopoly over spice trade

The Seven Years' War

Global conflict (1756–1763) resulting in British dominance in India and North America.

The Columbian Exchange

Global diffusion of plants

Epidemic diseases

Smallpox and other diseases devastated indigenous populations in the Americas and Pacific.

New foods and animals

Crops like maize and potatoes spread globally

Growth of world population

Increased due to improved diets and global agricultural exchanges.

Enslaved Africans

The largest group of migrants to the Americas from 1500 to 1800

The Manila galleons

Spanish ships that connected Asia and the Americas

The fragmentation of western Christendom

The division of Christianity in Europe into Protestant and Catholic factions during the Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation

A movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church

Martin Luther attacked the sale of indulgences

1517

Attacked corruption in the Roman Catholic Church

Highlighted abuses within the church and called for change based on scripture.

Argument reproduced with printing presses

Luther's writings spread widely thanks to the printing press

Enthusiastic popular response

Luther's ideas resonated with lay Christians

By mid-sixteenth century

half the German people adopted Lutheran Christianity

Reform spread outside Germany

Protestantism gained traction in Switzerland

English Reformation

Initiated by King Henry VIII to break from the Catholic Church

John Calvin

French Protestant reformer who established a strict theocratic community in Geneva.

Calvinist missionaries

Spread Calvinism to Scotland

The Catholic Reformation

A movement within the Catholic Church to reform and counteract Protestant growth.

The Council of Trent

1545-1563

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

A Catholic order founded to educate and spread Catholicism worldwide.

Witch-hunts in Europe

Hysteria over witchcraft led to the execution of thousands

Religious wars in Europe

Conflicts between Protestants and Catholics dominated the 16th century.

The Thirty Years' War

A devastating European war (1618–1648) stemming from religious and political tensions.

The consolidation of sovereign states

The formation of centralized states with distinct governments and territories.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor

The new monarchs of England

France

The Spanish Inquisition

A Catholic court established to root out heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy.

Constitutional states

England and the Netherlands developed systems of government with limited powers and individual rights.

Absolutism

A political system where monarchs held absolute power

Louis XIV

The "Sun King" of France

The Peace of Westphalia

A treaty in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established sovereign states.

The balance of power

A diplomatic principle to prevent any one state from dominating others.

Early capitalist society

An economic system where private parties made decisions based on supply and demand.

Population growth

Improved nutrition and disease resistance led to a European population boom from 1500 to 1800.

Urbanization

Rapid growth of cities as commercial and administrative centers during early modern Europe.

The nature of capitalism

Economic activity driven by private parties and free-market principles.

Supply and demand

Determined prices and encouraged the development of trade networks and financial institutions.

Joint-stock companies

Organizations like the EEIC and VOC that pooled resources for large-scale trade and colonization.

The putting-out system

A production system where rural laborers produced goods for merchants outside guild control.

Social change in early modern Europe

Capitalism improved living standards but also created social tensions.

The nuclear family

Strengthened by economic independence and emotional bonds in capitalist society.

The reconception of the universe

A shift from the geocentric to the heliocentric model during the Scientific Revolution.

The Ptolemaic universe

A model with Earth at the center

The Copernican universe

A heliocentric model proposing the sun as the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei

Scientist who made groundbreaking observations with the telescope and advanced physics.

Isaac Newton

Developed the laws of motion and gravity

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement applying reason and scientific principles to human society.

John Locke

Philosopher who argued that human knowledge comes from sensory experiences.

Adam Smith

Economist who explained market behavior using laws of supply and demand.

Montesquieu

Advocated for political liberty through the separation of powers in government.

Voltaire

Enlightenment thinker who championed religious freedom and individual rights.

Deism

The belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.

The theory of progress

Enlightenment belief in rational analysis and human advancement to improve society.

Colliding worlds

The meeting and interaction of European explorers and indigenous peoples in the Americas and the Pacific.

The Spanish Caribbean

The early area of Spanish colonization where the Taino people lived under chiefs.

Taino

Indigenous people of the Caribbean who lived in small villages and initially offered little resistance to Europeans.

Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo

Established as the capital of the Spanish Caribbean.

Taino conscripted to mine gold

Forced labor of the Taino for Spanish economic interests.