Chapter 25 A&PII

nutrients include the different substances the body needs to —

function

some must be digested before they are —, others are absorbed in their —

absorbed into the blood, original form

nutrition: the process by which the body obtains and uses certain compounds of food. includes —, —, —, and —

digestion, absorption, transportation, and cell metabolism

nutrients: substances used by body to produce —, provide building blocks or function in other —

energy, chemical reactions

classes of nutrients

—, —, — are required in large amounts also called macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

—, and — required in small amounts also called micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

food enters your body in the — form and is too big to diffuse into your —

polymer, blood stream

digestion breaks down — into —

polymers into monomers

the smaller — can diffuse into your bloodstream where they are transported to —

monomers, cells

carbohydrates: — % of daily intake

lipids: —% or less of total daily intake

proteins —% of total daily intake

60, 30, 10

—: measure of energy

kilocalories

carbohydrates most come from —, the exception is — that comes from dairy and milk

plants, lactose

monosaccharides: —,—-,—

glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides: —,—,—

sucrose, maltose, lactose

polysaccharides: are —. include —,—,—

complex, starch, glycogen, cellulose

functions of carbohydrates

used for energy or stored as — or —. structure of —,—,—. glyco— and glyco—

glycogen, fats, DNA,RNA, ATP, lipids, proteins

lipids: dietary sources include —

meat, fish, milk fats, or plant oils

triglycerides: used for energy to produce — or stored in —,—

ATP, adipose tissue, liver

cholesterol: — found in liver

steroid

phospholipids: major components of —, found in egg —

plasma membrane, yolk

lipid functions

used for —, components of —, —

energy, plasma membrane, inflammation

proteins dietary sources include:

meat, fish, dairy, eggs, some vegetables, grains, legumes

amino acids essential vs nonesential

essential must be obtained from diet, nonessential can be synthesized

functions of proteins: protection, regulation, structure, muscle contraction, transportation

antibodies, regulation, structure, actin, myosin, hemoglobin, ion channels

vitamins are — molecules essential to normal metabolism. different vitamins have different uses in the body example —

organic, coenzymes

lipid soluble vitamins: may be — in body even to excessive toxic levels. examples —

stored, A,D,E,K

water soluble vitamins: quickly — in urine. examples —

urine, B, C, and all other

minerals: — nutrients necessary for normal metabolism, absorbed from — and — sources

inorganic, plant, animal

different minerals have different uses in the body. examples of minerals

calcium, iron, potassium, sodium

metabolism is the —

sum of all the chemical reactions going on inside your body

anabolism: energy requiring process where —

small molecules joined to form larger molecules

catabolism: energy releasing process where

large molecules are broken down to smaller

correct order of body’s preferred energy source

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

aerobic cellular respiration has four parts

glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

electrons are moved from glucose to —, which carry them to the stage where they are used to create —

electron, ATP

— and — are high energy level electron carriers

NAD+ and FAD

aerobic respiration leads to — ATP formation

36-38

glycolysis

takes place in —

6 carbon molecules of glucose split into —

initial investment of — required

takes place independent of —

cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, oxygen

glycolysis input

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

glycolysis output

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

net energy gain of glycolysis

2 ATP

acetyl-CoA formation

pyruvate is transported into —

occurs in —

transition reaction

pyruvate are converted into —

mitochondria

mitochondrial matrix

acetly-CoA

acetly-CoA formation inputs

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 coenzyme A

acetyl-CoA formation outputs

2 acetyl-coA, 2 carbon dioxide by product, 2 NADH

citric acid cycle

also known as —

takes place in —

krebs cycle, mitochondrial matrix

citric acid input

2 acetly coA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD

citric acid cycle output

4 CO2 by product, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

energy yield per glucose so far. — ATP, — NADH, — FADH2

4, 10, 2

electron transport chain

takes place in —

only step that requires —

made of three protein complexes which are — and an — enzyme

e- and H+ are transferred from — and — to these electron carriers

inner mitochondrial membrane, oxygen, electron carriers, ATP synthase, NADH, FADH2

electron carriers in the electron transport chain use some of the electrons energy to move — into the intermembrane space

H+

the movement of these H+ back into the matrix through — enables the production of — through a process called —

ATP synthase, ATP, chemiosmosis

electron transport chain inputs

10 NADH, 2 FADH2, oxygen

electron transport chain outputs

10 NAD+, 2 FAD, water, 32/34 ATP

theoretical energy yield —

actual energy yield —

38-38, 25

reduced yield is due to

energy cost to shuttle reactants for ATP production into the —

energy cost to shuttle — from glycolysis into mitochondria

number of ATP produced during ETC is not consistent in —

mitochondria, NADH, all tissues

steps of anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism

glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation

anaerobic respiration produces 2 molecules of — and 2 molecules of — which is formed during glycolysis

lactic acid, ATP

when oxygen becomes available lactate can be converted into — in the —

glucose in the liver

the glucose can then be released from the liver and transported in the — to —

blood to cells

this transformation in the liver is called the

cori cycle

lipid metabolism

adipose triglycerides broken into —

free fatty acids

lipid metabolism

free fatty acids transformed into —

this can enter the —

acetly coA

citric acid cycle

lipid metabolism

can be converted to — in liver. they travel to skeletal muscle and are used in — to produce ATP

ketone bodies, citric acid cycle

protein metabolism

amino acids primarily used to synthesize —

may also serve as source of —

to be used as fuel, amino acids first must be —

proteins, energy, deaminated

protein metabolism

NH2 converted to — which is converted to urea in the — and excrete in —

ammonia, liver, urine

protein metabolism

remaining portion is — which can be converted to any of the following

pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, intermediates of the citric acid cycle

keto acid

glycogenesis: excess glucose used to form —

glycogen

lipogenesis: glucose and amino acids used to synthesize —

lipids

glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to —

glucose

gluconeogenesis: formation of — from animo acids and glycerol

glucose

absorptive state: period immediately after eating when — through intestinal all into — and — system

nutrients absorbed, circulatory, lymphatic

postabsorptive state: period that occurs many hours after a meal, blood glucose levels maintained by conversion of other —-

molecules to glucose

metabolic rate: total amount of — and — by body per unit of time

energy produced and used

metabolic rate is estimated by amount of — used per minute

oxygen

basal metabolic rate: energy used at —, —%

rest, 60

thermic effect of food: energy used to — and —. —%

digesta and absorb food. 10

muscular activity: energy used for —. —%

muscle contraction 30

factors that many affect BMR

more muscle than fat

younger age

high body temp

dieting

thyroid hormone

epinephrine

males

pregnancy

increase, increase, increase, decrease , increase, increase, increase, increase

body temperature is a balance between — and —

heat gain and heat loos

heat is produced by — in the body

metabolic reactions

heat is exchanged with the environment by

radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

the greater the temperature difference between the body and the environment, the — the rate of heat exchange

greater

body temperature is regulated by a — in the hypothalamus

set point

blood vessels in the skin — and sweating — to promote heat loos and evaporative cooling

dilate, increase