Ch2 - European Colonization of the Americas

Maize

a Central American cereal plant that yields large grains set in rows on a cob; corn.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who was searching for route to Asia then found New world (Americas)

Sugarcane

the growing demand for sugar stimulated the colonization of the New World by European powers, brought slavery to the forefront, and fostered brutal revolutions and wars.

Encomiendas

Land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans

Virginia Company

a joint stock company that was approved by King James I to create new settlements in the colony of Virginia known as jamestown

John Smith

English soldier, explorer, colonial governor of New England. On September 10, 1608, became president of the council for the colony of jamestown.

John Rolfe

discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

House of Burgesses

the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Joint-Stock Company

a company funded and run by a group of investors who share the companies profits and losses.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled in Massachusetts Bay.

Pilgrims

Some 100 passengers set sail on the Mayflower in 1620 to start a life in the New World. They landed in Cape Cod

the English settlers who traveled to America on the Mayflower and established the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Battle of Acoma/Acoma Massacre

the result of a battle between Spanish colonizers and Native Americans from the Keres Acoma Nation in what is now New Mexico in revenge for the killing of 12 Spanish soldiers by the Acoma in the previous year

January 1599 resulted in the deaths of around 500 Acoma men killed in a three-day battle, along with 300 women and children.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

a revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos. It is the only successful Native uprising against a colonizing power in North America.

Roanoke

The settlers, who arrived in 1587, disappeared in 1590, leaving behind only two clues: the words "Croatoan" carved into a fort's gatepost and "Cro" etched into a tree. Theories about the disappearance have ranged from an annihilating disease to a violent rampage by local Native American tribes.

Charter

permission from the king

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Bacon's Rebellion

an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place from 1676 to 1677. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native American Indians out of Virginia.

French in North America

France focused its attention on establishing commercially viable trading posts in the New World to supply Europe with its seemingly never-ending demand for furs.

Great Migration

immigrants from England who traveled the Atlantic and settled in Jamestown

King Philip's War

(1675-76), war that put Native Americans against English settlers and their Indian allies

Salem Witch Trials

A series of trials, prosecutions and executions of innocent people accused of practicing witchcraft that took place in Colonial Massachusetts.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

What were the goals of Spanish colonizers?

They wanted gold and to convert thousands of people to Catholicism. They wanted dominance.

How did the Spanish treat Native Americans?

The Spanish viewed the Native Americans as a source of labor and as potential converts to Christianity.

Why did people want to leave England and go to the Americas?

religious freedom

How did Native Americans resist English settlement in Jamestown?

began attacking settlers, killing their livestock, and burning such crops as they planted.

Who moved to Jamestown vs. the New England colonies?

people who came to Jamestown wanted more gold than tobacco, people who wanted land and indentured servants

people who came to new England wanted religious freedom (pilgrims and puritans)

What were the push and pull factors that led to people settling in North America?

Push:came to avoid war, corrupt governments or religious persecution.

Pull: Religious freedom, economic, jobs, opportunities to own landIn

How was Puritan society set up?

members of a religious reform movement known as Puritanism that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century.

The men and boys took charge of farming, fixing things around the house, and caring for livestock. The women made soap, cooked, gardened, and took care of the house.

"City Upon a Hill" John Winthrop

refers to a community that others will look up to

used to describe the expectation that the Massachusetts Bay colony would shine as an example to the world.

used to refer to America's supposed standing in the world, as a "beacon of hope" that other nations can look to for moral guidance. The phrase has significant historical and political resonance.

Letter from an Indentured Servant in Jamestown

It provided an account of the exploitative conditions of in colonial America.

what did these terms mean for America in the future and what did it mean at the time explained in 2.1-2.3

need to use

-House of Burgesses

-plantation

-bacons rebellion

At the time: A group in Virginia where colonists got to make some decisions. It was like an early form of government.

For America in the future: It was a starting point for the idea that people should have a say in their government.

At the time: Big farms in the South where cash crops were grown, mostly using the work of enslaved people.

For America in the future: These farms led to big divides in wealth and race, causing problems and conflicts like the Civil War.

At the time: A revolt in Virginia because settlers were upset with the leadership and wanted more land and protection.

For America in the future: It showed that poor settlers and workers could challenge the rich leaders. It also led to a shift from using mostly white workers to more enslaved Africans.

what did the mayflower compact do

1620- bound the signers to obey the government and legal system established in Plymouth Colony. was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower to set up a government.

successes and failures of jamestown

Jamestown colony almost failed because the Virginia Company made a poor choice when they decided where to establish it, and they were unable to successfully work together; the colony was a success because it survived, due to tobacco and the fact that the local Native American tribes were not able to destroy it because they were suffering from starvation and illness brought by the colonists. Jamestown became the first permanent English colony in the New World