newspaper, cult of personality, radio, cinema, fascist education
what were the 5 different ways M used to indoctrinate people
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what did newspapers promote
that m could do no wrong
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what did newspapers show m doing
him working along side peasants and doing sports
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what fascist successes were heavily emphasised
cession of Fiume to Italy by Yugoslavia in the Treaty of Rome in 1924
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what happened to newspapers in 1926
all opposition newspapers were shut down
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what was the govt ran newspaper
Il Popolo D’Italia
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who could write for Il Popolo D’Italia
only govt registered journalists
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what waas the punishment for those who did not comply with the newspaper regulations
fined
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how was m portrayed in the propaganda
like Italy’s saviour - a new Caesar
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what did Churchill say about the cult of personality in 1927
‘sole thought was the lasting well-being of the italian people”
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what lie was told about M working schedule
that he worked 20 hours a day of govt affairs
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why did M want to create this grand image of himself
he had an inferiority complex and was deeply insecure
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in what ways did m compare himself to God
he was omnipotent and omniscient
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when did fascists begin to take advantage of radios
1924 (late)
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what facilities did the govt provide with free radios
rural areas and schools
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what was the LUCE
govt run agency that produced newsreels and documentaries that by law had to be shown before movies
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how did M control films
films were heavily censored and had strict guidelines on content and style of film
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what did teachers have to do in 1929 to keep their licence
swear an oath of loyalty to the regime
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what % of all previously used textbooks were banned in classrooms by 1926
33%
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what was the ONB’s slogan
Believe, Obey, Fight
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how many members did the ONB have in its first year
1,236,000 in 1926
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how many members did the GIL have when it became compulsory
7,900,000 members
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for how long did m speak on the radios every night
2 hours
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what was the state run radio called
ERR
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where could people who did not own radios listen to the ERR
loudspeakers were placed in front of crowds and it played in the Dopolavoro
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why did posters contain so many images
the illiteracy rates were still very high
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what were the fascist rallies inspired by
soviet May Day
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why was the Dopolavoro introduced
to gain popular support and to replace the now banned socialist trade unions
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what % of state workers joined the OND compared to what % of industrial workers joined
60% compared to 40%
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what was the literacy rate by 1921
70%
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how did school attendance change in the first 4 years of Fascist rule
dropped by 100,000
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what was public opinion on the education system and how can we see this
bad b/ Gentile the Education Minister was dismissed in 1924
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what was the Libro Unico
the textbook that that was mandatory for every primary school student to have, one made for each year group
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when was RS made compulsory
1923 for elementary and 1929 for secondary
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how was M introduced into the classroom
portrait in every classroom, all pupils were given a notebook with m on the cover, all pupils were given a free copy of ‘the life of m’, school began by raising the flag, sung songs about m
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how many history books were banned in 1926
101/317
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what were the three ways m established fascist italy
violence, legal change, weakness of opposition/fear of socialism
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how many fascist mps were there when m took control
32 mps, 4 in govt, 7% vote share
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how many votes did the fascists get in the 1924 elections
4\.5 million but voting boxes were rigged
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what was the acerbo law 1923
meant that whoever got the majority of votes (as long as more than 25%) got 66% of seats in govt.
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what was the Matteotti murder June 1924
murder of leading socialist by fascists that caused m/blackshirts to become unpopular
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what was the Aventine succession June 1924
when anti-fascist MPs walked out of govt hoping the king would dismiss m - king didn’t so just gave room for more fascists in parliment
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what was the Ras ultimatum Dec 1924
leading Ras said m must resolve Matteotti crisis of would remove their very important support
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what did M do 3rd Jan 1925
accepted responsibility for Matteotti, made m more liked, start of dictatorship, gained ras support again
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who was appointed Party Secretary Jan 1925 and what did this lead to
Farinacci- m usedd him as scapegoat to do dirty work including purging 50-60k fascists from the PNF to centrilise the party, Farinacci removed in October
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what was Leggi Fascistissme Dec 1925
fascist laws which banned all oppositional parties and organisations in Italy
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what was M’s Right to Issue Decrees set in Jan 1928
m could pass laws without Parliament’s consent
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what right did the king lose in 1928
the right to select PM (but was still able to dismiss PMs)
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what was the Grand Council of Fascism
the top group of Fascists that controlled the regime
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when was the Grand Council of Fascism created
1922
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what was the March on Rome 1922
coup led by M of less than 30,000 men that marked the beginning of his regime
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what did the pope do in 1923
removed his support of the Popolari
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what was Corfu 1923
M’s occupation of the Greek island after the death of one Italian general (Telini) was killed, showed control over LoN and international strength
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when was press censorship introduced
1924
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what was the Pact of Rome 1924
when M was given Fiume by Yugoslavia
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what was the vidoni Palace pact 1925
banned socialist, catholic, etc. unions
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what was the battle for grain
the attempt at making italy self-sufficient in grain
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what was the result of the battle for grain
subsides caused farmers to only grow wheat, lost production in things like olive oil, expensive fertilliser was more expensive than imported wheat means bread prices went up
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what was the battle for births
to increase the population from 40 million to 60 million to create new gen of fascists
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what was the battle for land
to clear marshes to make more arable land
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what was the battle for lira
to improve the value of the lira internationally
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what is a cult of personality
unquestioned praise and idolisation of a leader
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what was the 1926 treaty of Friendship
Italy gained power of Albania’s military and economy
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what was autarky
being self-reliant
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what plebiscite did m hold in 1929
asked for the consent for a dictatorship
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how many people voted in the 1929 plebicite
90% of voters, 98% of voters voting in favour of the dictatorship
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why was Augustus important to m
because he was known to have rebuilt Rome after a great war and wanted to say he was the same
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factors
black shirt violence, legal change, weakness of opposition
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how much power did m have in parliment when he began pm
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