establishmet of fascist italy 1922-29

focus on propaganda

newspaper, cult of personality, radio, cinema, fascist education

what were the 5 different ways M used to indoctrinate people

what did newspapers promote

that m could do no wrong

what did newspapers show m doing

him working along side peasants and doing sports

what fascist successes were heavily emphasised

cession of Fiume to Italy by Yugoslavia in the Treaty of Rome in 1924

what happened to newspapers in 1926

all opposition newspapers were shut down

what was the govt ran newspaper

Il Popolo D’Italia

who could write for Il Popolo D’Italia

only govt registered journalists

what waas the punishment for those who did not comply with the newspaper regulations

fined

how was m portrayed in the propaganda

like Italy’s saviour - a new Caesar

what did Churchill say about the cult of personality in 1927

‘sole thought was the lasting well-being of the italian people”

what lie was told about M working schedule

that he worked 20 hours a day of govt affairs

why did M want to create this grand image of himself

he had an inferiority complex and was deeply insecure

in what ways did m compare himself to God

he was omnipotent and omniscient

when did fascists begin to take advantage of radios

1924 (late)

what facilities did the govt provide with free radios

rural areas and schools

what was the LUCE

govt run agency that produced newsreels and documentaries that by law had to be shown before movies

how did M control films

films were heavily censored and had strict guidelines on content and style of film

what did teachers have to do in 1929 to keep their licence

swear an oath of loyalty to the regime

what % of all previously used textbooks were banned in classrooms by 1926

33%

what was the ONB’s slogan

Believe, Obey, Fight

how many members did the ONB have in its first year

1,236,000 in 1926

how many members did the GIL have when it became compulsory

7,900,000 members

for how long did m speak on the radios every night

2 hours

what was the state run radio called

ERR

where could people who did not own radios listen to the ERR

loudspeakers were placed in front of crowds and it played in the Dopolavoro

why did posters contain so many images

the illiteracy rates were still very high

what were the fascist rallies inspired by

soviet May Day

why was the Dopolavoro introduced

to gain popular support and to replace the now banned socialist trade unions

what % of state workers joined the OND compared to what % of industrial workers joined

60% compared to 40%

what was the literacy rate by 1921

70%

how did school attendance change in the first 4 years of Fascist rule

dropped by 100,000

what was public opinion on the education system and how can we see this

bad b/ Gentile the Education Minister was dismissed in 1924

what was the Libro Unico

the textbook that that was mandatory for every primary school student to have, one made for each year group

when was RS made compulsory

1923 for elementary and 1929 for secondary

how was M introduced into the classroom

portrait in every classroom, all pupils were given a notebook with m on the cover, all pupils were given a free copy of ‘the life of m’, school began by raising the flag, sung songs about m

how many history books were banned in 1926

101/317

what were the three ways m established fascist italy

violence, legal change, weakness of opposition/fear of socialism

how many fascist mps were there when m took control

32 mps, 4 in govt, 7% vote share

how many votes did the fascists get in the 1924 elections

4\.5 million but voting boxes were rigged

what was the acerbo law 1923

meant that whoever got the majority of votes (as long as more than 25%) got 66% of seats in govt.

what was the Matteotti murder June 1924

murder of leading socialist by fascists that caused m/blackshirts to become unpopular

what was the Aventine succession June 1924

when anti-fascist MPs walked out of govt hoping the king would dismiss m - king didn’t so just gave room for more fascists in parliment

what was the Ras ultimatum Dec 1924

leading Ras said m must resolve Matteotti crisis of would remove their very important support

what did M do 3rd Jan 1925

accepted responsibility for Matteotti, made m more liked, start of dictatorship, gained ras support again

who was appointed Party Secretary Jan 1925 and what did this lead to

Farinacci- m usedd him as scapegoat to do dirty work including purging 50-60k fascists from the PNF to centrilise the party, Farinacci removed in October

what was Leggi Fascistissme Dec 1925

fascist laws which banned all oppositional parties and organisations in Italy

what was M’s Right to Issue Decrees set in Jan 1928

m could pass laws without Parliament’s consent

what right did the king lose in 1928

the right to select PM (but was still able to dismiss PMs)

what was the Grand Council of Fascism

the top group of Fascists that controlled the regime

when was the Grand Council of Fascism created

1922

what was the March on Rome 1922

coup led by M of less than 30,000 men that marked the beginning of his regime

what did the pope do in 1923

removed his support of the Popolari

what was Corfu 1923

M’s occupation of the Greek island after the death of one Italian general (Telini) was killed, showed control over LoN and international strength

when was press censorship introduced

1924

what was the Pact of Rome 1924

when M was given Fiume by Yugoslavia

what was the vidoni Palace pact 1925

banned socialist, catholic, etc. unions

what was the battle for grain

the attempt at making italy self-sufficient in grain

what was the result of the battle for grain

subsides caused farmers to only grow wheat, lost production in things like olive oil, expensive fertilliser was more expensive than imported wheat means bread prices went up

what was the battle for births

to increase the population from 40 million to 60 million to create new gen of fascists

what was the battle for land

to clear marshes to make more arable land

what was the battle for lira

to improve the value of the lira internationally

what is a cult of personality

unquestioned praise and idolisation of a leader

what was the 1926 treaty of Friendship

Italy gained power of Albania’s military and economy

what was autarky

being self-reliant

what plebiscite did m hold in 1929

asked for the consent for a dictatorship

how many people voted in the 1929 plebicite

90% of voters, 98% of voters voting in favour of the dictatorship

why was Augustus important to m

because he was known to have rebuilt Rome after a great war and wanted to say he was the same

factors

black shirt violence, legal change, weakness of opposition

how much power did m have in parliment when he began pm

7% of vote share with 32 fascist mps