dcush test 2

British Attitude Toward Colonies

Saw colonies as subordinate;expected them to help pay war debts after the Seven Years’ War

Colonial Role Post-Seven Years War

Britain tightened control;colonies faced new taxes and restrictions

Political Reasons for Revolution

Lack of representation, taxation without consent, Enlightenment ideas

Stamp Act (1765)

First direct tax, required stamps on printed materials, sparked protests

Declaratory Act (1766)

Repealed Stamp Act but asserted Parliament’s right to legislate for colonies

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Punitive laws after Boston Tea Party,closed Boston Harbor, altered MA government

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Protest against Tea Act,colonists dumped tea into harbor

Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers killed 5 colonists,used as propaganda

Lexington and Concord (1775)

First battles of the Revolution,“shot heard ’round the world”

Sons of Liberty

Radical group opposing British policies, led protests and boycotts

Daughters of Liberty

Women who supported boycotts and made homemade goods

First Continental Congress (1774)

Coordinated colonial resistance,petitioned the king

Common Sense (1776)

Thomas Paine’s pamphlet urging independence

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Authored by Jefferson,declared colonies free from Britain

Saratoga (1777)

Major American victory,convinced France to join the war

France’s Involvement

Provided troops, navy and funds, crucial to American success

Yorktown (1781)

Final major battle, British surrendered

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Recognized U.S. independence, gained land to Mississippi River

Abigail Adams

Advocated for women’s rights in letters to John Adams (“Remember the Ladies”)

Phillis Wheatley

Enslaved poet, challenged racial assumptions through literature

Religious Views of Founding Fathers

Varied, many supported religious freedom and separation of church and state

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776)

Promoted free-market economics, influenced American economic thought

Freedom Petitions

Enslaved people’s appeals for liberty based on revolutionary ideals

Republican Motherhood

Idea that women should educate children in civic virtue

Effects of Religious Freedom

Growth of denominations, decline of state-sponsored churches

Legal Barriers for Women

Couldn’t vote

Articles of Confederation

Weak central government, no power to tax or regulate trade

Shay’s Rebellion (1786–87)

Uprising of farmers, exposed weaknesses of Articles

James Madison

“Father of the Constitution”, key architect of federal system

Virginia Plan

Representation based on population

New Jersey Plan

Equal representation for states

Three-Fifths Compromise

Counted enslaved people as 3/5 for representation

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Federalists supported Constitution and strong central government, Anti-Federalists wanted states’ rights and feared tyranny

The Federalist Papers

Essays defending the Constitution (Hamilton, Madison, Jay)

Federalism

Division of power between national and state governments

Electoral College

Indirect system for electing president

First Amendment

Freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition

Ninth Amendment

Rights not listed are still retained by the people

Naturalization Act of 1790

Limited citizenship to “free white persons”

Political Parties

Federalists favored strong central government and pro-British, Democratic-Republicans favored states’ rights and pro-France

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Jefferson’s Republicans

John Jay & Impressment

Negotiated Jay’s Treaty to resolve British seizure of American sailors

XYZ Affair

French diplomats demanded bribes, led to anti-French sentiment

VA/KY Resolutions

States could nullify unconstitutional federal laws

War of 1812

Caused by impressment and British interference, boosted nationalism

Treaty that ended the war of 1812

Treaty of Ghent ended war

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Doubled U.S. territory, Jefferson’s bold move

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Explored new territory, mapped routes to Pacific

Alexander Hamilton

Created financial system, clashed with Jefferson

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Protest against excise tax, crushed by Washington

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalist opposition to war, led to party’s decline

The Star-Spangled Banner

Written during War of 1812, became national anthem

what treaty ended the american revolutionary war

treaty of 1783

what treaty ended the seven years war (french & Indian war)

treaty of Paris 1763