Unit 4 Health and Human Development Flashcards

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers concepts from Unit 4 Health and Human Development, focusing on human development definitions, the HDI, country classifications, and factors affecting global health.

United Nations (UN)

An international organisation founded in 1945, after World War II, to promote peace, security, cooperation, and human rights across the world.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

A branch of the UN that works in over 170 countries to eradicate poverty while protecting the planet; it described the concept of human development in 1990.

Human Development

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It involves expanding choices, enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in community life and decisions.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and compare levels of social and economic development, providing a single statistic based on three dimensions and four indicators.

HDI Dimensions

The three broad areas measured by the Human Development Index: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.

Life expectancy at birth

The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change; it is the indicator for the 'long and healthy life' dimension of the HDI.

Mean years of schooling

The average number of years of formal education achieved by those aged $25$ years and over; it is one of the indicators for the 'knowledge' dimension of the HDI.

Expected years of schooling

The number of years of formal education expected for a child of school-entrance age; it is one of the indicators for the 'knowledge' dimension of the HDI.

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country; it is the indicator for the 'decent standard of living' dimension of the HDI.

High-income countries

Countries classified by the World Bank as having a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $14,006$ or more.

Middle-income countries

Countries classified by the World Bank as having a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita between $1,146$ and $14,005$.

Low-income countries

Countries classified by the World Bank as having a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $1,145$ or less.

Economic Characteristics

Features related to the wealth and standard of living in a country, including average incomes, range of industries, opportunities for global trade, and levels of poverty.

Social Characteristics

Features relating to how people live and interact within society, such as education levels, access to healthcare, gender equality, employment levels, and social protection systems.

Environmental Characteristics

Features relating to the natural surroundings and infrastructure, such as housing adequacy, access to safe water and sanitation, food security, and carbon dioxide emissions.

Communicable diseases

Infectious diseases that can spread from one person or animal to another, typically caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Non-communicable diseases

Diseases that do not spread from person to person, often referred to as lifestyle diseases, and caused by genetics, environment, and lifestyle factors.

Double burden of disease

A situation where low- and middle-income countries face high levels of both communicable and non-communicable diseases at the same time.

Safe water

Water that is free from contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals (like mercury and lead), making it safe to drink, cook with, and use for hygiene.

Sanitation

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, including the maintenance of hygienic conditions like garbage collection.

Relative poverty

A measure of poverty where individuals live on less than $50$ per cent of their country’s average income.

Extreme poverty

A measure of poverty where individuals live on less than a specific dollar amount per day, often cited as $2.15$ a day.

Discrimination

Unfair or unjust treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Economic sustainability

Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs into the future.

Social sustainability

Creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources, such as healthcare and education, both now and into the future.

Environmental sustainability

Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources, such as water and biodiversity, into the future.

Global trends

Large-scale patterns or movements happening across the world, including climate change, conflict, mass migration, increased world trade, tourism, and digital technologies.

Globalisation

The increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and people across the world, shifting the world into one global society.

Displacement

When people are forced to leave their home, typically because of conflict or persecution; it can be internal (within a country) or involve moving across borders.

Refugee

A person who has already been recognised as needing international protection after being forced to leave their country.

Asylum seeker

A person who has applied for asylum in another country but has not yet been recognised as a refugee.

Digital technologies

Tools, devices, and platforms that perform tasks and communicate information, such as mobile phones, the internet, robotics, and telehealth services.