CESTODES AND TREMATODES

ribbon

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Dorsoventrally flattened with bilateral symmetry, segmented with a short _-like appearance

digestive

circulatory

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

No _ tract, no _ system, hermaphroditic

Scolex

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Anterior end of the body; for attachment

Bothriate

bothrium

Pseudophyllidea

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Spindle-shaped, spatulate or spoon-shaped, has sucking grooves (_) [Order _]

Acetabulate

acetabula

CyclophyIIidea

rostellum

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Quadrate scolex; has muscular suckers (_) [Order _]; hooks or spines (_)

Neck

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Behind the scolex; unsegmented; region of growth

Strobila

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Series of segments (proglottids)

Immature segment

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Reproductive organs not fully developed; closest to the neck

Mature segment

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Has at least one set of reproductive organs

Gravid segment

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Filled with eggs; farthest to the neck

Apolytic proglottid

Cyclophyllidea

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Detaches the body of the worm to release eggs (apolysis) [Order _]

Anapolytic proglottid

Pseudophyllidea

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Parts

Detaches the body of the worm only after exhausting the eggs [Order _]

Egg 

Oncosphere

Metacestode

Adult Worm

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Stages (4)

Pseudophyllidea

Cyclophyllidea

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Stages (4)

Egg

Operculated [Order _] and non-operculated [Order _]

Pseudophyllidea

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Stages (4)

Oncosphere

Contains hexacanth embryo; ciliated [Order _] known as coracidium

Metacestode

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworms or Cestodes)

Stages (4)

Procercoid, plerocercoid, cysticercus, cysticercoid, coenurus, or hydatid cyst

Fish tapeworm

Broad tapeworm

Beef tapeworm

Pork tapeworm

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Other name	_ _	_	_

Pseudophyllidea

Cyclophyllidea

Cyclophyllidea

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Classification	_	_	_

Spatulate

Quadrate

Quadrate

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Scolex	_	_	_
	2 bothria (sucking grooves)	4 suckers	4 suckers
	No rostellum and hooks	No rostellum and hooks	Rostellum with double crown of 25-30 hooks

2

4

4

25-30

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Scolex	Spatulate	Quadrate	Quadrate
	_ bothria (sucking grooves)	_ suckers	_ suckers
	No rostellum and hooks	No rostellum and hooks	Rostellum with double crown of _-_ hooks

Broader than long

Longer than broad

Longer than broad

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Proglottid	_ than _	_ than _	_ than _

Central/Midventral

Lateral

Lateral

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Genital pore	_/_	_ with irregular alternation	_ with regular alteration

rosette

15-30

7-12

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Uterus	Central, coiled/_	_-_ lateral branches	_-_ lateral branches

knob, aboperculum

Hexacanth

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Egg	Operculated Abundant yolk granules, small _ at _ end	Non-operculated Radially striated shell _ embryo

Procercoid

Plerocercoid

C. bovis

C. cellulosae

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
Metacestode	Solid larvae: _ _	Cystic Iarvae: Cysticercus _	Cystic larvae: Cysticercus _

Copepods

Fish

Cattle

Swine

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
IH	1st: _ 2nd: _	_	_

Man

CESTODES
	Diphyllobothrium latum	Taenia saginata	Taenia solium
DH	_	_	_

Dwarf tapeworm

Rat tapeworm

Dog tapeworm

Hydatid tapeworm

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
Other name	_	_	_	_

Knob

Knob

Conical

Globular

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
Scolex	_-like	_-like	_	_
	4 suckers	4 suckers	4 suckers	4 suckers
	Rostellum (short, invaginated) with 20-30 hooks	Rostellum (rudimentary) without hooks	Rostellum (retractile) with 1-7 circlets of hooks	Scolex: Rostellum with double crown of 30-36 hooks Proglottid: Longer than broad

20-30

without

1-7, circlets

30-36

V, cucumber, pumpkin

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
Scolex	Knob-like	Knob-like	Conical	Globular
	4 suckers	4 suckers	4 suckers	4 suckers
	Rostellum (short, invaginated) with _-_ hooks	Rostellum (rudimentary) _ hooks	Rostellum (retractile) with _-_ _ of hooks	Scolex: Rostellum with double crown of _-_ hooks Proglottid: Longer than broad
Proglottid	Broader than long		_-shaped, vase barrel, _ seed, _ seed

Unilateral

Unilateral

Double-pored

Lateral

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
Genital pore	_	_	Bilateral/ _-_	_

Sacculate

Sacculate

Reticular

12-15

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
Uterus	_	_	_ with egg capsules	_-_ lateral branches

4-8

no

8-12

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
Egg	Non-operculated 2 polar thickenings where _-_ filaments arise Hexacanth embryo	Non-operculated 2 polar thickenings but _ filaments Hexacanth embryo	Non-operculated _-_ eggs enclosed in a membranous capsule	Nonoperculated Radially striated shell Hexacanth embryo

Cysticercoid

Cysticercoid

Cysticercoid

Hydatid cyst

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
Metacestode	Cystic Iarvae: _	Cystic Iarvae: _	Cystic Iarvae: _	_

Grain beetles

Rat fleas

Dog lice

Sheep

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
IH	_ None (IF)	_	_	_

Man

Rat

Dog

Canine

CESTODES
	Hymenolepis nana	Hymenolepis diminuta	Dipylidium caninum	Echinococcus granulosus
DH	_ (can cause autoinfection)	_ Man (inc. host)	_ Man (inc. host)	_ Man (inc. host)

plerocercoid

fish

Order Pseudophyllidea

Diphyllobothrium latum

MOT: Ingestion of _ (sparganum) in flesh of infected _

Diphyllobothriasis

B12, Megaloblastic Anemia

Order Pseudophyllidea

Diphyllobothrium latum

Pathogenesis:

_: Nonspecific GI problems

Vit. _ deficiency (_ _)

Paragonimus

Order Pseudophyllidea

Diphyllobothrium latum

Diagnostic problems: Eggs confused with _ eggs

Diphyllobothrium manson

Order Pseudophyllidea

Spirometra mansoni

Old name

Copepods

Frogs and snakes

Dogs and cats

Order Pseudophyllidea

Spirometra mansoni

1st IH: _

2nd IH: _ and _, man (incidental host)

DH: _ and _

procercoid, copepods

plerocercoid, frogs and snakes

Order Pseudophyllidea

Spirometra mansoni

MOT: Ingestion of _ in infected _ (as 1st IH), ingestion of _ in infected _ and _ (as 2nd IH)

Sparganosis

Order Pseudophyllidea

Spirometra mansoni

Pathogenesis: _

Sparganosis

Order Pseudophyllidea

Spirometra mansoni

Pathogenesis: _

Cysticercus bovis

beef

Order Cyclophyllidea

Taenia saginata

MOT: Ingestion of _ _ in infected _

Taeniasis

Cysticercosis

Intestinal obstruction

Order Cyclophyllidea

Taenia saginata

Pathogenesis:

_ (due to adult stage), does NOT cause _

_ _ due to its larger size

pollen grains

Order Cyclophyllidea

Taenia saginata

Diagnostic problems: Eggs confused with _ _

India ink

Order Cyclophyllidea

Taenia saginata

_ _ through the genital pore to visualize uterine branches

Cysticercus cellulosae

eggs

Order Cyclophyllidea

Taenia solium

MOT: Ingestion of _ _ in infected pork, ingestion of _

Taeniasis

Cysticercosis

Order Cyclophyllidea

Taenia solium

Pathogenesis: _ (due to adult stage), _ (due to larval stage)

eggs

Autoinfection

Order Cyclophyllidea

Taenia solium

Diagnostic problems: Eggs confused with pollen grains, T. solium _ are infective

_ possible

cysticercoid

eggs

Order Cyclophyllidea

Hymenolepis nana

MOT: Ingestion of _ in infected arthropod, direct ingestion of _

Asymptomatic

Order Cyclophyllidea

Hymenolepis nana

Pathogenesis: _

Hymenolepis nana

Order Cyclophyllidea

Smallest intestinal cestode

cysticercoid

Asymptomatic

Order Cyclophyllidea

Hymenolepis diminuta

MOT: Ingestion of _ in infected arthropod

Pathogenesis: _

cysticercoid

rice grains

cucumber seeds

Order Cyclophyllidea

Dipylidium caninum

MOT: Ingestion of _ in infected arthropod

Pathogenesis: Asymptomatic

Diagnostic problems: Gravid proglottids resemble _ _ (dry) or _ _ (moist)

eggs

hydatid cyst

Order Cyclophyllidea

Echinococcus granulosus

MOT: Ingestion of _

Pathogenesis: Depends on the location of the _ _, causes pressure necrosis of surrounding tissues

Hydatid cyst

Order Cyclophyllidea

Echinococcus granulosus

Filled with fluid containing brood capsules and protoscolices

Specimen used; stool not used

Tissue biopsy

Casoni's intradermal test

Order Cyclophyllidea

Echinococcus granulosus

Diagnosis:

_ _ (hydatid cyst)

_ _ _: (+) Large wheal of at least 2-4 cm surrounded by a zone of erythema

leaf

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Dorsoventrally flattened with bilateral symmetry, unsegmented and _-like appearance

digestive

circulatory

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Incomplete _ tract, no _ system

Monoecious

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Reproduction

One body with both male and female sex organs [intestinal flukes, liver flukes, and lung flukes] (hermaphroditic)

Dioecious

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Reproduction

Separate sexes [blood flukes]

Female

Male

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Reproduction

Separate sexes [blood flukes]

_: One ovary; round, lobed, or dendrite

_: Two testes; ovoid, lobed, or dendritic, tandem, sidebar-side, or oblique

Oral sucker

Ventral sucker

Genital sucker

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Anterior portion of the body:

Acetabulum

Acetabulum

Gonotyl

Egg

Miracidium

Sporocyst

Redia

Cercaria

Metacercaria

Adult

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages (7)

Egg

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages:

All are operculated

Miracidium

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages:

Free-swimming ciliated larval stage; infects 1st IH

Sporocyst

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages:

Sac-like; broad chamber for the next stage

Redia

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages:

Larva produced within the sporocyst

Cercaria

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages:

Free-swimming larval stage with a tail; lophocercus (simple- or keel-tailed) or microcercus

Metacercaria

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages:

Encysted larva, cercaria without the tail

Adult

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Stages:

Capable of producing operculated eggs

Sporocyst, redia, cercaria

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

1st IH (3)

Intrahepatic bile duct

metacercaria

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Liver Flukes

Habitat: _ _ _

MOT: Ingestion of encysted _ in infected 2nd IH

Sheep liver fluke

Temperate fluke

Oriental liver fluke

Chinese liver fluke

Cat liver fluke

Lancet liver fluke

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Other name	_ _	_ _	_	_

Hen’s egg, Leaf

electric bulb, Bottle-neck

C. sinensis

Lancet-shaped

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Important characteristics	E: _ _ with flat operculum A: _-shaped with branched ceca	E: Old-fashioned _ _ A: _-_ appearance	Resembles _ _ but narrower and smaller	E: Asymmetrically ovoid with broad convex operculum A: _-_, testes obliquely anterior to ovary

snails

Miracidium

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1st IH (for trematodes: always _) IS: _	Snail: Lymnaea	Snail: Parafossarulus Bulinus Alocinma Semisulcospira Melanoides	Snail: Bethynia	Snail: Zebrina Helicella Cionella

Metacercaria

kangkong, water cress

Fish

Fish

Ants

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
2nd IH IS: _	Aquatic plants: Ipomoea obscurer (_) Nasturtium officinale (_ _)	_: Cyprinidae	_: Cyprinidae	_: Formica fusca

Sheep

cats, dogs

Cattles, water buffalo

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
DH	_, man	Man	Man, _, _	_, _ _, man

Immature

Mature

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Egg	_	_	_	_

Simple

Keel

Keel

Simple

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Cercaria	L: _-tailed	L: _-tailed	L: _-tailed	L: _-tailed

Liver rot, Halzoun

Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, Cholangiocarcinoma

cholangiocarcinoma

Hyperplasia

LIVER FLUKES
Liver Flukes: FCOD	Fasciola hepatica	Clonorchis sinensis	Opistorchis felineus	Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Disease	_ _ _**	3Cs: _ _ _	Similar to C. sinensis except _	_ of biliary epithelium

Fasciola gigantica

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Liver Flukes

"Tropical liver fluke"

Small intestine

metacercaria

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Intestinal Flukes

Habitat: _ _

MOT: Ingestion of encysted _ in infected 2nd IH

Giant intestinal fluke

Garrison's fluke

Von Seibold fluke

Dwarf intestinal fluke

Yokogawai fluke

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawai
Other name	_	_	_ _	_

F. hepatica

straw, circumoral, horseshoe, 49-51

Pyriform

H. heterophyes

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawa
Important characteristics	Largest fluke of man E: Identical to _ _, but larger and with slightly convex operculum A: Elongate-ovoid with unbranched ceca	E: Ovoid, _ colored with small operculum A: Attenuated at both ends, _ disk with _-shaped crown of _-_ hooks	Smallest fluke in man Smallest but deadliest A: _	A: Resembles _ _

snails

Miracidium

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawai
1st IH (for trematodes: always _) IS: _	Snail: Segmentina Hippeutis Gyraulus	Snail: Hippeutis Gyraulus	Snail: Pironella Crifhidia	Snail: Thiara Semisulcospira Liberfina

Metacercaria

water caltrop, water chestnut, water bamboo

kuhol, suso

Fish

Fish

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawai
2nd IH IS: _	Aquatic plants: Trapa natans (_ _) Eliocharis fuberosa (_ _) Zizania (_ _)	Snail: Pila Iuzonica (_) Vivipara angularity (_)	_: Acanthagobius	_: Odontobutis obscurus Salmo perryi

Dogs, swine

dogs, cats

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawai
DH	_, _, man	Man, _, _	Man	Man

Immature

Immature

Mature

Mature

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawai
Egg	_	_	_	_

Simple

Simple

Keel

Keel

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawai
Cercaria	L: _-tailed	L: _-tailed	L: _-tailed	L: _-tailed

Toxic, allergic

F. buski

Ulceration, Myocarditis, neurologic

INTESTINAL FLUKES
Int. Flukes:  FEHM	Fasciolopsis buski	Echinostoma ilocanum	Heterophyes heterophyes	Metagonimus yokogawai
Disease	Ulceration and obstruction of intestines _ & _ s/s	Similar to _ _	_ Ectopic: _, _ manifestations (seizures)

Oriental lung fluke

Sputum

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Lung Flukes

Paragonimus westermani

"_ _ _"

Specimen: _

Snail

Crustaceans/mountain crab

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Lung Flukes

Paragonimus westermani

1st IH: _: Antemelania asperata, Antemelania dactylus

2nd IH: _: Sundathelphusa philippina (_ _)

Lungs

metacercaria

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Lung Flukes

Paragonimus westermani

Habitat: _

MOT: Ingestion of encysted _ in 2nd IH

abopercular

Spoon, coffee bean

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Lung Flukes

Paragonimus westermani

Important characteristics:

E: Asymmetrical with _ end which is generally thicker than the sides

A: _-shaped (fresh), _ _-shaped (preserved)

Immature

knob

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Lung Flukes

Paragonimus westermani

Egg: _

Cercaria: Microcercus (_-like tail)

Granuloma

pulmonary TB

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Lung Flukes

Paragonimus westermani

Disease: _ formation, fibrosis

Problems encountered: Usually misdiagnosed as _ _

Egg

Miracidium

Mother Sporocyst

Daughter Sporocyst

Cercaria

Schistosomule

Adult

Class Trematoda (Flukes or Trematoda)

Blood Flukes

Life Cycle (7)