PSYCH 1 EXAM

In order for psychologists to draw conclusions that are as free as possible from bias and their own feelings or interpretations, they will gather _____ data whenever they can.

1. Objective

2. Psychometric

3. Idiographic

4. Subjective

1. Objective

Of these options, which is the best example of a behavior (as the term relates to the definition of psychology)?

A. Geoffrey wants to buy his son a new toy at the local shopping mall.

B. Marta is painting a new color on her bedroom wall.

C. Mathilda has decided that it is time for her to go back to school to earn a graduate degree.

D. Jaysen is remembering his grandmother, who died several years ago.

B. Marta is painting a new color on her bedroom wall.

Which of the following terms is not an important component in the definition of psychology?

1. human beings

2. behavior

3. science

4. mind

1. human beings

You are asked to think of a school bus, and then are asked to imagine rotating the school bus so that you can see the side, the rear, the opposite side, and then the front. Your ability to engage in this mental rotation is an example of a mental ________ which occurs at the level of the person in psychology.

A. process

B. regression

C. content

D. transformation

A. process

At the level of the group, psychologists conduct two sorts of investigations. One is examining how other people affect an individual's mind and behaviors. The other is:

A. determining which groups exert positive or negative influences on individual people.

B. studying how group processes affect the brain structures of individuals.

C. examining the positive and negative influences of groups on processes, like conformity and racism.

D. considering groups in their own right, independent of their influence on individuals.

D. considering groups in their own right, independent of their influence on individuals.

Within the early psychological school of thought called structuralism, it was believed that there are two types of consciousness. What were they?

A. sensations and feelings

B. feelings and thoughts

C. thoughts and perceptions

D. perceptions and motivations

A. sensations and feelings

The technique of introspection is most associated with the early psychological school of thought called _______.

1. structuralism

According to the psychological perspective of ________, the field should emphasize the understanding of how the mind helps people adapt to the world around them so that they operate more effectively in it.

A. psychodynamic psychology

B. structuralism

C. evolutionary psychology

D. functionalism

D. functionalism

Match the correct individual with the school of psychological thought with which they are most commonly associated.

Rogers-Humanistic psychology

Freud-Psychodynamic theory

James-Functionalism

Watson-Behaviorism

Wundt-Structuralism

Wertheimer-Gestalt psychology

While watching a marching band traipse across a football field, you notice the overall shapes that the musician's form (letters, images, etc.), rather than specifically seeing individual people. This focus on the "whole" of a sensory experience, rather than the individual pieces that construct that whole, would be most interesting to a(n) ________ psychologist.

A. psychodynamic

B. behavioral

C. Gestalt.

D. existential

C. Gestalt

Which humanistic psychologist proposed the idea that people have a natural tendency to move toward "self-actualization" in their lives?

A. Adler

B. Maslow

C. Jung

D. Rogers

B. Maslow

During the 1950s and 1960s, psychology went through a(n) ________ revolution that hinged on using the computer as a model for how the way the human mind works.

1. cognitive

Margaret Floy Washburn, who was the first woman to earn the Ph.D. in psychology in 1894, was a student of __________.

1. Titchener.

The 17th-century philosopher who focused his attention on the distinction between a person's mind and their body was ________.

1. Descartes.

Match the type of professional listed to the description of what that individual would do in their career.

-Clinical neuropsychologist- Administers tests to diagnose the effects of brain damage on thoughts, feelings, and behavior and to diagnose what parts of the brain are damaged

-Industrial/organizational psychologist- Applies psychology in the workplace.2

-Counseling psychologist-Helps people manage issues that arise during everyday life (e.g., career, marriage, family, work)

-Educational or school psychologist-Applies psychology to improve cognitive, emotional, and social development of schoolchildren

-Clinical psychologist-Administers and interprets psychological tests, provides psychotherapy, and helps people function more effectively

-Physiological psychologist-Researches and teaches the nature of the brain and brain-body interactions

-Developmental psychologist-Researches and teaches the development of mental contents and processes, as well as behavior, with age and experience.

-Cognitive psychologist-Researches and teaches the nature of thinking, memory, and related aspects of mental contents and processes

-Personality psychologist-Researches and teaches individual differences in preferences and inclinations

-Social psychologist-Researches and teaches how people think and feel about themselves and other people, and how groups function.

Human factors psychologist-Applies psychology to improve products

In the "Intro to Psychology: Crash Course #1" video, what point about psychology is emphasized by the host, Hank Green?

1. Freud didn't contribute much to Psychology

2. Psychology is not a science

3. Behaviorism is the best area in Psychology

4. Psychology is an integrative science

4. Psychology is an integrative science

In the "Intro to Psychology: Crash Course #1" video, what does Hank Green say that Harvard astronomer Owen Gingerich acknowledged was the 'most complex physical object in the entire cosmos'?

1. Earth

2. the human mind

3. the human brain

4. the ocean

3. the human brain

What are the 4 myths covered in the '4 Psychology Myths You Probably Thought Were True' video? (check all that apply)

1. People learn best when taught in their preferred learning styles

2. You should 'stick with your gut' instead of changing answers on multiple choice tests

3. Playing games like Sudoku keeps your brain young

4. Listening to classical music improves your intelligence

5. We only use 10% of our brains

6. People can have a photographic memory

2. You should 'stick with your gut' instead of changing answers on multiple choice tests

3. Playing games like Sudoku keeps your brain young

4. Listening to classical music improves your intelligence

6. People can have a photographic memory

In the '10 Psychology Careers You Should Know About" video. what are those 10 careers? (Check all that apply)

1. Marriage Therapist

2. Parole Officer

3. Substance Abuse Counselor

4. Board-Certified Behavioral Analyst

5. Occupational Therapist

6. Speech-Language Pathologist

7. Clinical Psychologist

8. Sports Psychologist

9. Forensic Psychologist

10. College Admissions Counselor

11. Experimental Psychologist

12. Military Psychologist

1. Marriage Therapist

2. Parole Officer

3. Substance Abuse Counselor

6. Speech-Language Pathologist

7. Clinical Psychologist

8. Sports Psychologist

9. Forensic Psychologist

10. College Admissions Counselor

11. Experimental Psychologist

12. Military Psychologist

When an experiment is conducted and the dependent variable is found to change as a function of manipulations in the independent variable, a(n) ________ has occurred.

A. replication

B. effect

C. interaction

D. confound

B. effect

In order to deal with the problem of confounds in experimental research, psychologists can employ a technique called _____________ that will create participant groups that are equivalent in all relevant ways.

1. random assignment

A tentative idea about the explanation for a set of collected data is called a(n) __________

1. hypothesis

The process of repeating a research study to see if the data collected are comparable to those collected in the original study is called ________.

D. Replication

Mauritzio is conducting research that examines how distractions can decrease a person's concentration while they are driving and lead to more motor vehicle accidents. For his study, one group will be asked to read and respond to text messages while driving through a closed course, a second group will listen to loud music, and a third group will be given no distractions. He measures how many cones each driver knocks over as an indication of "driving skill" in this study. For Mauritzio's research, the number of cones knocked over is the ________ definition of driving skill.

A. operational

These are the steps of the scientific method. Please place them in order from the first to the sixth step.

1. Systematically observing events

2. Formulating a question

3. Forming a hypothesis

4. Testing the hypothesis

5. Formulating a theory

6. Testing the theory

Identify the study below that is not an example of a descriptive research method.

A. Charisse is engaged in a case study.

B. Dahlia is doing a large-scale survey.

C. Amelia is conducting an experiment.

D. Beulah is conducting a naturalistic observation.

C. Amelia is conducting an experiment.

Dremond is interested in studying how people behave in nightclubs as it gets later in the evening. To conduct this research, he goes to nightclubs and sips a soda while quietly watching other patrons. He uses his cell phone to take some notes, but to others it looks like he is just sending a text message. Dremond is careful not to let on to others that he is watching them. This is an example of ______________.

1. naturalistic observation.

A 7-year old girl in Atlanta was involved in a terrible car accident, and suffered what's called an "atlanto-occiptal dislocation" of her skull. This means that she was basically decapitated but was able to survive the accident. Physicians from all over the state came to study her, and they gathered large amounts of information so that they could learn from this very unusual situation. The kind of research that would involve a single participant like this is called a(n) ________.

D. case study

When research explores very personal issues (for example, sexual topics, political beliefs, race-based issues), some people may feel uncomfortable and provide less-than-honest responses. These issue may be particularly problematic when using ________ research, as the answers may not reflect participants' true positions.

1. Survey

Balke conducts a research study that examines the relationship between the frequency with which a person studies their class notes and their overall performance on class examinations. He finds that those who review their notes more frequently tend to earn higher grades on course exams. Balke has found a(n) ______ correlation between the two variables he is studying.

1. positive

The strongest way to test a hypothesis in psychology research is by conducting a(n) ________ study.

B. experimental

In a research study that examines the impact of a low calorie diet on the weight of obese individuals, there are three participant groups. Group 1 eats 100% of the standard, recommended calories for their age, height, and sex each day. Group 2 eats 75% of that recommendation, and group 3 eats 50% of that number. After three months, the participants' weights are compared to their starting weights. What is the independent variable in this study?

C. the number of calories eaten each day

In a research study that examines the impact of a low calorie diet on the weight of obese individuals, there are three participant groups. Group 1 eats 100% of the standard, recommended calories for their age, height, and sex each day. Group 2 eats 75% of that recommendation, and group 3 eats 50% of that number. After three months, the participants' weights are compared to their starting weights. In this study, the dependent variable is ____________.

1. the number of pounds each participant loses (or gains).

In an experiment, any situation that varies along with the independent variable and may be the cause of, or contribute to, changes in the dependent variable is called a(n) ________.

1. Confound

In what important way does a quasi-experiment differ from an experiment in psychology research?

B. Quasi-experiments do not use random assignment.

A researcher is examining a number of studies that have been published that all address the same general question, and thinks to herself, "I wonder if it is possible to simply combine all of those studies and see what the results would be?" She speaks to her colleague, who tells her, "of course you can do that! It's called a(n) ________."

B. Meta-analysis

"Psychologists uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm." In psychological research, this statement refers to the ethical principle of __________.

1. fidelity and responsibility.

In the video 'Is Psychology a Science', Hank Green discusses how some people criticize psychology for being too abstract. He then addresses how psychologists remedy this by operationalizing variables. Which of the following are the examples Hank Green used to operationalize the variable Happiness? (check all that apply)

have people rate their happiness on a scale from 1 to 10

-have people rate their happiness on a scale from 1 to 10

-measure their heart rate and blood pressure

-tracking how often a person smiles or laughs

-track amount of endorphins in their system

-use brain imaging to see if the happiness center of the brain 'lights up'

1. have people rate their happiness on a scale from 1 to 10

3. tracking how often a person smiles or laughs

4. track amount of endorphins in their system

In the "Psychological Research: Crash Course #2" video, what type of research design does Hank Green say can be misleading because, by its nature, they can't be replicated?

Case studies

In the "Psychological Research: Crash Course #2" video, Hank Green stresses that it is super important to remember what about correlations?

-they predict the possibility of cause and effect relationships, but they cannot prove them

In the "Psychological Research: Crash Course #2" video, match the IV and DV with the ones from the example experiment proposed by Hank Green.

IV-caffeine dosage

DV-speed at which subject navigates through giant corn maze

In the 'Hypothesis vs Theory' video, the host stresses that a hypothesis is something you _________.

2. Test

In Dr C's lecture video about Cognitive Biases (which is super important and something you should def watch!), what example did she give for hindsight bias?

- Her mother would always claim to know the answers to Trivial Pursuit questions after the answer was read aloud

Natalia is watching a group of ants as they work together to gather food on the sidewalk. She sees that individual ants seem capable of carrying small amounts of food, but that when several ants work together they can carry much larger bits of discarded food. She thinks to herself that the individual ants are sort of like neurons, with each doing its own job, but that groups of ants are analogous to ________.

- Brain circuits

Which part of the neuron extends away from the cell body and is responsible for sending messages toward other cells, including muscles, glands, and other neurons?

D. Axon

In order for a neuron to fire—that is, to go from its resting potential to an action potential - the physical event that must occur is the _________________.

opening of ion channels in the cell membrane.

As he was cooking dinner for his children, Kenneth got distracted by a fight that broke out in the other room. He lost focus and accidentally cut his finger with a sharp knife while chopping vegetables. The neurotransmitter that will help to reduce the pain of this injury almost immediately after it occurs is/are _________.

Endorphins

Endogenous cannabinoids have a chemical structure that is similar to one of the active ingredients found in which recreational drug?

Marijuana

Neurotransmitters that make it less likely that the post-syaptic neuron will generate an action potential are __________ in nature.

1. inhibitory

A(n) ________ neurotransmitter is one that facilitates and promotes action potentials in the post-synaptic neuron.

C. excitatory

Marvin is at a party and he sees a very cute girl across the room. He starts to go talk to her, when he sees another man walk up and ask her to dance. This prevents Marvin from getting a chance to introduce himself. This man who blocked Marvin from talking to the cute woman is acting in the same way that a(n) ________________ neurotransmitter blocks receptor sites on post-synaptic neurons.

- antagonist

Why has L-Dopa proven to be less than optimal in its use for the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

C. It loses its effect with continued usage.

According to recent research, glial cells are responsible for far more than researchers used to understand. Which of the following people may suffer from a condition that is contributed to by the role of glial cells?

Haley, who wrestles with an addiction to cocaine.

Of these options, which function would not be under the control of the autonomic nervous system?

waving goodbye to a friend at the airport

Janelle is watching a movie with her children. The visuals of the animated figures on the screen and the sounds of their shouts as they run from room to room are all taken from Janelle's eyes and ears to her brain by way of the _________ nervous system.

-somatic

The cortex, limbic system, thalamus, and basal ganglia are all structures that comprise the _________

forebrain

Janelle calls the local baseball stadium to try to order tickets. She is initially connected to a computer that tells her which number to press if she wants different departments. After listening to the voice menu, she presses 4 for "Ticket Office." In this example, the automated operator system is similar to the way the _________ works in the brain ,as it directs information to its appropriate destination.

-Thalamus

Eli and Aliyah are on a date together. They have been dating for some time, and both are very attracted to each other. They are both experiencing an increase in body temperature, are eating and drinking during their meal, and are both interested in a sexual encounter later in the evening. The part of the brain that helps to regulate all of these functions is the ________.

-hypothalamus

Every morning Lucius dives into his swimming pool and swims 1 to 2 miles to begin his day. He feels that the exercise helps to wake him up. He doesn't think about his swimming stroke as he does his laps, and lets his mind wander as he engages in this habitual activity. The part of the brain that is particularly important in the formation of habitual actions such as this is the ___________.

-basal ganglia.

Which part of the neuroendocrine system is sometimes (and somewhat inaccurately) referred to as the master gland?

C. the pituitary gland

A region of impaired brain tissue that can, in research, give us information about what that part of the brain does is called a(n) ________.

-Lesion

Which is the most accurate statement regarding EEG and MEG techniques?

D. Neither is very sensitive to activity in subcortical structures.

Match the neuroimaging technique to its appropriate definition.

-positron emission tomography (PET)-A neuroimaging technique that uses small amounts of a radioactive substance to track blood flow or energy consumption in the brain.

-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-A type of imaging that detects the amount of oxygen being brought to particular places in the brain, which indicates how active those neurons are.

-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-A technique that uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp pictures of the three-dimensional structure of the brain.

-computer-assisted tomography (CT)-A neuroimaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of brain structures using X-rays.

The plasticity of the brain—that is, its ability to change as a result of experience - is most evident during ____________

infancy and childhood..

Marita works in the field where her primary goal is to determine the extent to which the difference between people's actions and psychological characteristics are due to inherited factors or to differences in their environments. Marita is probably a _______.

B. behavioral geneticist

In the video "Chemical Mind", Hank Green says that if the nervous system wants to get in touch with you, it's like _______, whereas if the endocrine system wants to get in touch it _________.

-sends a text; will lick the stamp, write a note, fold it up, and mail it via the post office

In the video "The Action Potential", how long does the host say it takes for the process of a neuron firing?

5 ms

In the '2 min Neuroscience' video, how wide do they say the synapse is?

<40 nanometers

In the 'Left brain vs Right brain' video, what characters do they say were written to depict the logical left hemisphere and the emotional right hemisphere?

Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde

According to the video 'Know Your Brain', what region(s) of the brain 'light up' when doing simple tasks like walking and talking?

nearly every region

According to the Crash Course Psychology 'Meet Your Mater' video, how much energy does the human brain use?

20%

According to the Crash Course Psychology 'Meet Your Mater' video, what are the 'unsung heroes' of the nervous system?

glial cells

In the video 'A Rod Through His Brain', why do people cast doubt on reports that Phineas Gage mistreated his wife and children after the rod went through his skull/brain?

he didn't have a wife or children

In Dr's C lecture video about neural communication, what does she compare the All-or-None process of action potential to?

flushing a toilet

Consciousness is defined as ____________

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

While engrossed in reading a novel, Raoul isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates __________

selective attention

If asked to watch a video and press a key each time a black-shirted player passed a basketball, most research participants remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman strolling across the video screen. This illustrated __________

inattentional blindness

Which of the following is not one of the physical signs that occurs during a stage of REM sleep?

A. sleepwalking

Each cycle through the various stages of sleep lasts approximately ____________

90 minutes.

A person who is deprived of sleep, especially REM sleep, may experience a higher percentage of REM the next time they sleep for an extended period of time. This is called REM ________.

rebound

According to the ___________ hypothesis of dreams, your dreams are a result of random neurons firing in the brain while you sleep, which leads the higher center to try to "make sense" of these signals in a way that turns them into the dreams that you experience.

1. activation synthesis

If you tell a friend about a dream that you had, your friend might naturally have fun trying to interpret your dream to figure out what it means. This hidden, symbolic content your friend is seeking is what Freud called a dream's ________ content.

Latent

The part of the brain that helps to regulate your body's sleep-wake system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the __________-, and it is located just above the optic chiasm.

hypothalamus

Which stage(s) of sleep is/are referred to as hypnogogic sleep?

Stage 1

The longest and slowest type of brain waves, which appear during our deepest sleep stages, are ___________.

Delta waves.

A person who suffers from a ________ disorder may use drugs to excess to the point of being unhealthy and potentially dangerous. Such a condition is often marked by the development of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms.

substance use

Alcohol is most aptly and accurately categorized as a(n) _________

depressant.

Palmer had too much to drink last night, and now he cannot remember most of the things that he did for most of the evening. His friends tease him about some of his more embarrassing antics from a late night party. Palmer has experienced a ____________

blackout

Morphine and heroin are

opiates

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

marijuana; hallucinogen

In the 'Consciousness Crash Course' video, how does Hank Green demonstrate change blindness?

he changes his shirt several times

In 'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream', how was REM sleep discovered?

by a grad student testing new EEG equipment on his son as he slept

In 'To Sleep, Perchance to Dream', Hank Green describes a dream in which he is chased by ________.

Matt Damon as a centaur

Which class of drug was NOT discussed in the 'Altered States' CC video?

Cannabinoids