CIV I Final Practice

Includes passages and themes that should be identified (title, author, and speaker), along with important vocabulary terms

Peter Abelard

• medieval french scholastic, philospher, logician, etc

• taught at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

• Was Heloise’s tutor and eventually ended up with her

• an arrogant man who, indirectly, likened himself to God

• he was attacked and castrated for having played in Heloise’s face

  • this shattered his dream of a higher office in the church

Heloise

• Secret wife of Abelard

• known as the most well educated woman in paris

• had a secret child with Abelard

• spent her life as a nun, although she was never veiled, to avoid suspicion

Divine Office

liturgy of the hours, is a public Christian service of praise and worship that includes psalms, hymns, prayers, readings from early Church Fathers, and other writings

hagiography

the writing of the lives of saints.

• puts them in a very flattering light

Carolingians

• mostly known for Charlemagne the Emperor

• europeanized Christianity

historiated capital

• Decorated ends of columns

• criticized by the Apologia

historia Franchorum

History of the Franks

Vita activa

active engagement with the world and religion

Vita contemplativa

understanding of the world and religion

Opus Dei

Work of God or Divine office based on the book of Psalms.

Regula vitae

rule of life

Benedictines

Monks who lived according to the rule of Benedict

Mendican Orders

Dominicans, Fransciscans, Augustinians, and Carmelites

• vow of absolute poverty, dedicated to an ascetic way of life

Merovingians

• 481-751) Childeric I, Clovis, Dagobert, Childeric III, etc

• Merovingian kings held a ceremonial role, while Francia was actually ruled by mayors of the Palace (majordomos)

Carolingians

751-987) Pepin the Short, Charlemagne

Capetians

987-1328

The First Crusade

• 1096-1099

• Christian, Jewish, Muslim, and Byzantine perspectives

• Jerusalem is the territory under debate

Ecclesia

Church (fem.)

Abelard vs Bernard of Clairvaux

• Scholastic theology vs monastic theology

• intellect vs affectus (logic vs affect/love)

Bernard of Clairvaux

• 1090-1153

• joined Cistercians in 1113

• became abbot of Clairvaux in 1115

• renowned for sermons on the Song of Songs

Universities

• were regulated by the church/royal authorities

• even though mostly protected, they were not fully protected

• via antiqua vs via moderna

• University of Paris gave France legitimacy, and France became the endpoint of every account devised since the Carolingian era to give cultural/political legit. to transfer of power

Trans-substantiation

bread and wine transformed directly from Jesus

• whole bread is body, whole wine is blood

Con-substantiation

• bread is body and bread simultaneously

• wine is wine and blood simultaneously

• coexist

Stigmata

• pits bleeding from the palms of the hand

• appearance of wounds without actually getting the wound

Breton lai

• french or english romance literature

• things that are Christian compared to miraculous/marvelous things in different myths and lais

• promote virtues and dedication to the Church

Mirabilis

astonishing

theoria vs contemplatio

gazing and looking

contemplatif

mystique, mistico

Kinds of Love

• eros → important kind of love related to God

• caritas → charity/good love

• cupiditas → lust/bad love

• dilectio, amor

Cataphasis

• way to describe God (good)

• he is ineffible

Apophasis

• to say God is good is not sufficient

• a negation of what you cataphallicaly said God is

• God is more than good

Minne

love in dutch

Sodomy

• different kinds of forbidden sex

  • masturbation, male-male, outside of marriage, etc.

• Constitutes additional things for Peter Damian as well

Fornication

• non-condoned sexual act

• also some versions that are not sex specific

Homoousios

the father is the son is the holy spirit

Historia

• establishes the significance of something

Vita

• mostly focuses on glorifying a person

Calvinism

1. Total depravity) You are a sinner

2. Unconditional Election) those who are elected to be saved are chosen by God

3. Limited atonement) only the atonement of the sins of the elected after Jesus died on the cross

4. Irresistible grace) the elected can’t avoid being saved

5. Perseverance of the Saints) those who are elected by God and have faith in God will do so for perpetuity

Huguenots

• part of the reformed church

• converted to catholicism

• conflict between the huguenots and catholics

Resurrected people from the dead, cut his cloak in half and gave it to a beggar

Life of Saint Martin of Tours, Sulpitius Severus

Different kinds of prayer (supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings), imageless and unceasing prayer regardless

Conferences 9 and 10, John Cassian

Clovis accepted christianity when he was in the middle of war, he had very different views from his wife Clotild

• now wants subjects to accept the religion as well

• never says he is a good christian, but rather writes in a way to exalt religion

• vita activa vs vita contemplatia

The History of the Franks, Gregory of Tours

conversion to christianity was not needed foor cooperation

• clovis decided that paris would be his capital in 508, since it granted exposure o the atlantic

• Clrovis was the first king to be baptized as a christian

The Franks choose paris as their capital, Coumert

• 4 kinds of monks

• should not have more material objects than absolutely needed

• very particular process for receiving brothers

• regula vitae, vows, and divine office

Monasticism: The Benedictine Rule

• charlemagne is the author’s “lord and patron”

• author belonged to his court

• kingdom was split between 2 kings, charlemagne and carloman

• very ruthless, but also a christian king

• glorified him → an emotional father, made sure they were educated, etc

Life of Charlemagne, Einhard

• feared for her son’s life since he belonged to the king’s court

• wrote this letter of advice to him

• asks him to honor/respect his father, and pleads for him to always be loyal

• if he surrounds himself with magnates and counselors, ne can learn many virtues

• he should respect all men, even those equal or less than him

Handbook for William, Dhuoda

• Cluny Abbey housed Benedictine Monks

• represented the alliance between 2 great families

• declared the monastery’s autonomy and independence from aristocracy

A network of monasteries, Rosé

• salting the earth, shepherding, etc. (fulcher of chartres)

• encouraged Christians to help Byzantines and reclaim Jerusalem

• Robert the Monk → “God wills it!”

  • most violent/dramatic account

• Baldric of Dol → appeals to knights, focuses on bravery and honor

• Guibert of Nogent → divine will, part of a larger plan

• Pope Urban II letters → simply asking for help from the Christians without the fluff

Speech at Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II (5 versions)

• Fulcher emphasizes that faith and determination allowed the Crusaders to succeed even when they were greatly outnumbered.

• Solomon bar Simson wrote about the suffering of Jewish communities during the First Crusade.

• Ibn al-Athir was a Muslim historian writing several decades after the First Crusade. He used earlier Muslim sources to describe the Crusaders' invasion and its effects on the Islamic world.

• Anna Comnena was the daughter of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. In her work, The Alexiad, she describes the arrival of the Crusaders in Constantinople and their relationship with the Byzantine Empire.

  • Crusaders often cared more about gaining land and power than helping the Byzantine Empire.

The First Crusade, Fulcher of Chartres, Solomon bar Simsom, ibn al-Athir, Anna Comnena

• his

  • alludes to life of misfortune

  • seemed like he was very lustful towards heloise, and after she fell pregnant, they didn’t get married and rather, she became a nun

  • he cared more about his reputation than health

• hers

  • claims that he is the cause of her troubles, and she believes that he made her destroy herself

  • does not excuse his actions

Historia Calamitatum & Letter of Heloise to Abelard, Peter Abelard & Heloise

• who are the monks trying to impress w/ all the gold in the monasteries if they gave up all material posessions

• claims that it is all just vanity to attract more donations and visits

Apology to Abbot William/Apologia, Bernard of Clarivaux

• man sins due to the prompting of the devil

• one God, the holy trinity

• very strict punishments for Heretics and Clerics

Decrees of Lateran IV

• outlines who can be professors and the qualities expected of students

• outlines certain rules and expectations that they think should be enforced

Statues of Gregory IX for the University of Paris

• spoke on the evils of the students

• difference between nationalities caused dissensions, animosities, and insults among students

Life of the Students at Paris, Jacques de Vitry

• explains the regulations of universities

• people belonging to universities could be considered ‘civil servants’

• materials that had previously been banned were still being taught, leading to them eventually being allowed again

• European era entered through universities

• via antiqua vs via moderna

• uni gave France legitimacy

Universitas: the French Model, in France in the World

• a lai

• a knight at King Arthur's court

• is overlooked by the king

• wooed by a fairy lady, given all manner of gifts by her

• subsequently refuses the advances of Queen Guinevere, landing him in court

• wondering if he really got his happy ending, or just ended up dying

Lanval, Marie de France

• a lai

• woman who seeks to escape a loveless marriage and being trapped in the tower

• prays, and a bird/man appears, who eventually becomes her lover

• she got pregnant by him, and named her son Yonec

• her husband and his sister set them up, killing the bird/man/king

• when Yonec was big enough and conditions were fulfilled, he learned the truth of his birth and avenged his father and mother by killing his step-father

Yonec, Marie de France

• very long and intricate description of a few lines from the song of songs

• states importance of religion along with actions

• talks about the kinds of kisses

  • mouth, feet, hands

  • need to prove your dedication and worth to move up

Sermons on the Song of Songs, Bernard of Clairvaux

• a beguine mystic

• uses very sexual language to explain desire for God

• associated with extreme tortue and lovesickness

• loses sense of self and is joined with God

• gives love seven names, which are likened to christ

Selected visions, Hadewijch

• very miraculous woman

• Marie is purported to have received many visions from God, experienced ecstasy and wept uncontrollably when meditating on the Passion of Christ

Prologue to The Life of Marie d’Oignies, Jacques de Vitry

• she was resurrected

• nourished from her own breasts

• dies and comes back to life, or gets seriously injured, to “make lamentation for the sins of men”

• loved God fervently, but quietly

Life of Christina the Astonishing, Thomas of Cantimpré

• focuses on sodomy and fornication between two men

• details the punishments that men who partake in this should recieve

• also likens this sin to beastiality

• says that all these men are for sure going to Hell if they don’t repent in the proper way

The different types of those who sin against nature, Book of Gomorrah, Peter Damian

• a lot of instances where grammar is mentioned

• mimicing of heartbeat going badly, does this imply that these people are not human?

• a lot of mentions of nature as well

The Complaint of Nature, Alain of Lille

• details of a court case involving a man who dressed as a women and lay with multiple church men as a woman

• also layed with women as a man

• was taught to live and do it as a woman

• tried in the state court instead of the church court, showing the problem was more with the prostitution than the homosexuality

The interrogation of a Male transvestite prostitute in 14th-century london, David Lorenzo Boyd and Ruth Mazo Karras

• wrote this as a way to convince the king to read the doctrine they wrote

• says it is okay to examine the doctrine, but not to discount it completely

• they unjustly attribute evils to the church instead of satan

• imploring the king to listen to them

• implies that the meaning of scripture is self-evident but that there still is a right way of interpreting it

Prefatory address to King Francis I of France, Calvin

• says that the native people of Brazil are closer to nature than the Europeans

  • they have moved away from nature and corrupted themselves with their greed

• a lot of digestion and food speech, playing into the ‘cannibal’ narrative

  • inadvertently categorizing french as cannibalistic

• in awe of their honor and pride while fighting

• whole thing written as a criticism of eucharistic practice and religion

• the natives were shocked by the fact that there were such resource injustices and that men followed the king (a child) when he hasn’t earned the honor and power yet

Of cannibals, Montaigne