chapter 1 FHS

What is the scientific method

The scientific method is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct research and test ideas objectively.

What is descriptive research?

Research that describes what is happening at a particular point in time. It provides a detailed picture of behavior but cannot determine relationships or cause and effect

What are the main types of descriptive research

• Case Study: In-depth study of one person or a small group.

• Observation: Watching behavior in natural or laboratory settings.

• Survey/Interview: Asking people questions about behaviors or beliefs.

• Secondary Analysis: Analyzing data that already exists.

What is correlation research

Research that measures the relationship between two or more variables. It helps researchers make predictions but cannot prove that one variable causes another.

What is a positive correlation

Two variables move in the same direction. As one increases, the other tends to increase. ex- education and income

What is negative correlation

Two variables move in opposite directions. As one increases, the other tends to decrease. Example- Practice and errors on a task

What is the biggest limitation of correlation research.

Correlation does not equal causation. Just because two variables are related does not mean one causes the other. A third variable may explain the relationship.

What is experimental research?

Research in which the researcher manipulates a variable to determine whether it causes changes in another variable. It is the only research method that can establish cause and effect.

What are independent and dependent variables

(IV)- The variable manipulated by the researcher.

(DV)- The variable measured to see if it changes because of the IV.

Compare descriptive, correlational, and experimental research

• Descriptive: Describes behavior.

• Correlational: Finds relationships and makes predictions.

• Experimental: Determines cause and effect.

Easy way to remember:

• Describe = What is happening?

• Correlate = What is related?

• Experiment = What causes what?

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth-1 year)

Babies learn whether they can trust caregivers to meet their needs.

Success-Trust

Failure-Mistrust.

Memory trick: Can I trust my parents?

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)

• Toddlers learn independence and self-control.

• Success → Autonomy (independence)

• Failure → Shame and Doubt

Memory Trick: "I do it myself!" 🧒

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

• Children begin planning, exploring, and leading activities.

• Success → Initiative

• Failure → Guilt

Memory Trick: "Let me try!" 🎨

Front: Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)

• Children develop skills and compare themselves to peers.

• Success → Industry (competence)

• Failure → Inferiority

Memory Trick: "Can I do a good job?" 📚

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

• Teens explore who they are and what they believe.

• Success → Identity

• Failure → Role Confusion

Memory Trick: "Who am I?" 🤔

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)

• Adults seek close, meaningful relationships.

• Success → Intimacy

• Failure → Isolation

Front: Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)

• Adults focus on helping the next generation and contributing to society.

• Success → Generativity

• Failure → Stagnation

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)

• Older adults reflect on their lives.

• Success → Integrity (satisfaction)

• Failure → Despair (regret)

Memory Trick: "Did I live a good life?" 👴

What are the stages in order?

• Trust vs. Mistrust

• Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

• Initiative vs. Guilt

• Industry vs. Inferiority

• Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Integrity vs. Despair

• Trust, Autonomy, Initiative, Industry, Identity, Intimacy, Generativity, Integrity

  T-A-I-I-I-I-G-I

What is the most important ethical requirement in research?

Researchers must protect participants from physical, emotional, or psychological harm during a study.

What is informed consent

Informed Consent means participants must be told the nature of the study, any risks involved, and that they can stop participating at any time. For children, parents or legal guardians must give consent.

What is confidentiality in research

……. means researchers must protect participants' privacy and not reveal names or identifying information.

What is deception in research

……. occurs when participants are not fully informed about the true purpose of the study before participating. It may be used only when necessary and must be handled ethically.

What is debriefing

occurs after the study and involves fully explaining the purpose and procedures of the research and addressing any negative effects of participation.

easy way to remember ethical research

Remember: HICDD

• H = No Harm

• I = Informed Consent

• C = Confidentiality

• D = Deception

• D = Debriefing

• "Healthy Investigators Carefully Deceive, then Debrief."

what is the scientific method.

The……… is a systematic process researchers use to answer questions and test ideas through observation, testing, and evidence.

Main Steps:

1. Make an observation or ask a question.

2. Form a hypothesis (prediction).

3. Conduct research or an experiment.

4. Collect and analyze data.

5. Draw conclusions.

6. Replicate and share results.

What are the key components of the scientific method?

• Observation: Notice a behavior or problem.

• Hypothesis: An educated prediction about what will happen.

• Experiment/Research: Test the hypothesis.

• Data: Information collected during the study.

• Conclusion: Decide whether the hypothesis was supported.

• Replication: Repeat the study to verify the results.

Memory Trick:
O-H-E-D-C-R = Observe, Hypothesize, Experiment, Data, Conclusion, Repeat. ✅

What is the physical domain of development

The…..focuses on changes in the body and brain.

Includes:

• Growth and height/weight changes

• Motor skills (walking, running, writing)

• Brain development

• Health and nutrition

What is the cognitive Doman of development

---

The …….. focuses on thinking, learning, and understanding.

Includes:

• Memory

• Problem-solving

• Language development

• Intelligence

• Decision-making

What is the psychosocial domain of development

The ……… Domain focuses on emotions, personality, and relationships with others.

Includes:

• Emotions

• Self-esteem

• Identity

• Social skills

• Relationships with family and peers

What is Behaviorism (Behavioral Theory)

…… focuses on how the environment influences behavior through rewards and punishments.

Key Ideas:

• Behavior is learned.

• Rewards increase behavior.

• Punishments decrease behavior.

• Focuses on observable actions, not thoughts.

Memory Trick: ….. = "What you DO." 🐶

What is social learning theory.

……… says people learn by observing and imitating others.

Key Ideas:

• Learning occurs through observation.

• People model behaviors they see.

• Reinforcement still matters.

• Developed by Albert Bandura.

Example: A child learns good manners by watching their parents.

Memory Trick: Social Learning = "Watch and Copy." 👀

what are cognitive theories

…….. focus on how people think, learn, remember, and solve problems.

Key Ideas:

• Development is influenced by mental processes.

• Focus on memory, reasoning, language, and problem-solving.

• Associated with Jean Piaget.

Example: A child develops new problem-solving skills as they grow.

Memory Trick: Cognitive = "How you THINK." 🧠

Quick Comparison

• Behaviorism → How the environment shapes behavior.

• Social Learning Theory → Learning by watching others.

• Cognitive Theories → How thinking and mental processes develop. ✅