Cell communication and cycle

Identify a message communicated by direct cell-to-cell contact.

a. What occurs during this process?

Identify a message communicated by chemical signaling.

a. What occurs during this process?

How do cells communication over a short distance?

a. Identify two examples.

How do cells communication over a long distance?

a. Identify one example.

What is the process that results in the release of a chemical signal from a cell?

a. Where are the chemical signals synthesized?

b. Where are the chemical signals processed?

Reception

a. What occurs during reception?

b. Where is the receptor for a steroid hormone?

c. Where is the receptor for a protein hormone?

d. Why would the receptor be in different locations?

True or False: Only specific cells will respond to specific chemical signals because they have a receptor for the

chemical signal.

What are the components of a signal transduction pathway?

What occurs during the process of reception?

What occurs during the process of transduction?

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

What is the function of a kinase?

What is the function of a phosphatase?

How are proteins modified during the process of transduction?

Identify three possible cellular responses.

Why would a different cell respond differently to the same chemical signal?

What is the role of the ligand in the signal transduction pathway?

What is the role of the receptor in the signal transduction pathway?

Where does the ligand bind on the receptor?

Where does the ligand bind on the receptor?

What occurs with a G-protein coupled receptor after binding to a ligand?

What occurs with a tyrosine kinase receptor after binding to a ligand?

What occurs with an ion channel receptor after binding to a ligand?

How are signals amplified after reception?

What occurs when the ligand binds to the receptor that initiated transduction?

What is a second messenger?

a. Identify two examples.

b. What is the function of a second messenger?

How does a ligand binding to a channel cause a cellular response?

Identify two examples of a cell responding to its environment.

a. What occurs in each of these examples?

What is apoptosis?

Why would a cell undergo apoptosis?

What is a transcription factor?

How does a transcription factor change gene expression?

How can a signal change the phenotype of an organism?

What would happen if there was a mutation in the receptor protein?

a. How would this affect the response of the cell?

What would happen if there was a mutation in a transduction protein?

a. How would this affect the response of the cell?

How can a chemical interfere with the signaling pathway?

Identify one example of a chemical that activates a signaling pathway.

Identify one example of a chemical that inhibits a signaling pathway.

What is positive feedback?

a. Identify two examples of positive feedback loops.

What is negative feedback?

a. Identify two examples of negative feedback loops.

Using an internal change, describe how an organism responds using feedback loops.

Using an external change, describe how an organism responds using feedback loops.

Using an example, explain how negative feedback can be used to maintain homeostasis?

How does a cell use negative feedback to return to a target set point after a disturbance?

Using an example, explain how positive feedback can be used to maintain homeostasis?

How does positive feedback amplify the response?

a. Identify one example.How does positive feedback amplify the response?

a. Identify one example.

What are the three phases of the cell cycle?

a. What occurs in each of these three phases?

What are the phases of interphase?

a. What occurs in each of these phases?

What are the phases of mitosis?

a. What occurs in each of these phases?

What are the phases of meiosis?

a. What occurs in each of these phases?

What occurs during cytokinesis?

How is cytokinesis different in a plant versus an animal?

How does the cell undergo cytokinesis?

What is G0?

What occurs at the G1 checkpoint?

What occurs to re-enter the cell cycle from G0?

How do chromosomes move through the process of mitosis?

Identify the phase of mitosis that ensure equal transfer of chromosomes.

a. How does this process ensure there is an equal transfer of chromosomes?

Identify the phase of mitosis that ensure identical genetic information is transferred?

a. How does this process ensure that identical genetic information is transferred?

Identify three roles of mitosis.

What occurs at the G1 checkpoint?

What occurs at the G2 checkpoint?

What are cyclins? What are CdKs?

a. How do these two interact to allow passage of the G2 checkpoint?

What occurs at the M checkpoint?

a. What happens if the cell prematurely bypasses this checkpoint?

What process allows for the passage of the M checkpoint?

Identify three causes of cancer.

a. How does each affect the cell cycle?

What is an oncogene?

What is a proto-oncogene?

How do the proto-oncogenes cause cancer?

What is a tumor suppressor gene?

How do the tumor-suppressor genes cause cancer?

What causes apoptosis?