ethics

care defined

Held defines care as both a practice et a value.

care as a practice

• something we do as set of actions that responds to the wellbeing and needs of the person.
• The practice is complete in the process of maintaining and creating those core relationships.

care as a value

• Something good and in practice can be done better or worse.
• In its form as a value care is set a normative expression in how we take responsibility for others.
• And it is also an evaluative practice in which there is relfection of on the care we are giving but also receiving.

self defined

 Having a relational and interdependent connection with others.
• For instance, this is an example of the ties we share with family and friends.
 It is the fact that our core relationships define and mold our identity, because we enter the world in being in relation to someone, aka our parents.

Moral salience of a relationship is what

 The moral salience of relationships expresses the importance of how and why we have relations with others.

the importance of moral salience

 It the core of Ethics of Care is the sharing relations with others and providing moral components to such relationships.
 It entails the obligation that caring is something that we “ought to do”.
• It done not only out of the goodness of doing something for that personally relationship, but is also a place where we learn how to best to act and foster those relations.

is there only amoral obligations to those for whom we currently care?

 NO, there a moral obligation to care for others

why there a moral obligation to care for others

 While it is important to care for those who we are personally connected to, we should use our existing relations as a model to care for others.
 It teaches us how to care well, identify what’s right to do, and best to do.
 It is about extending the moral insights outward to the community.

moral universalism

 Applied in a universal context which is rationally application of moral principles.
 It is be followed in the context of the rules defined and should be applied in the same way.
 Additionally, it is independent of from the influence of people’s relations, thoughts, and emotions.

Moral universalism aims at

 Being impartial and objective by removing the subjective inclinations listed above.

Moral particularism

 A an abstract and universal set of rules that are not always the best way to understand moral obligations.
 It is oversimplified in the context of everything and treats each case as the same, in a cookie cutter form.

• Which of these two approaches to moral questions belongs to care ethics?

o Care ethics is a version of moral particularism in a more contextual way.

how is Care ethics is a version of moral particularism in a more contextual way.

o it does this by looking at the particulars of the situation and not in a cookie cutter mold.
o In this version care ethics identifies the morally relevant features of the situtation towards the particular relations and answers vary based on the context.

dominant moral theory says about moral partiality?

o Overall say it is improperly based on favoritism and self-interest.
o That moral partiality shews the persons moral judgment and it introduces irrelevant interest and irrationality.

• Held response to DMT

 Is that moral partiality is appropriate ,when someone needs to consider particular people and the intertwining interest
 This is defined when an actors interest are bound to he act of the person being cared for.
 While it is often mistaken for being defined as selfish, this act is inseparable because the actions taken for the other person but also for the self.

will to truth”

o is the place where our faith, morality, and desires come from.
o It is this one specific drive that is something that pushes our actions and has reasons behind it.

• viewing life through the lens of “true and false” and “good and evil” requires?

 Thinking in terms of opposites, that it must be a choice of either/or.
 This limits the interpretation of the situation and limits the choices a person can make in a decision.
 It completely excludes the option of having a both or in between feeling for the situation.

arguing we could become “beyond good and evil?”

 to go beyond define morality in the terms of good/evil and true/false.
 It creates an interpretation that is more colorful instead of seeing in black et white.
 the ultmate creation of a new morality that ask what the value means or do what the individual.

nihilism

• is defined as nothing having meaning or value.
• That life has no meaning or purpose and everything is meaningless and exist in nothingness

Nietzsche views nihilism

• Does not advocate or support it.
• But he sees it as an invitation or opportunity for people to create meanings and values for themselves.

• there is meaning or value in life, where should it come from

• is something that cannot be found, but something that you make or actively create.
• It is be something that empowers the self to judge other standard values and not be in reference to the set moral standards.

explain the “reevaluation of all values

• it is about taking considering all the current and possible values that someone might hold and asking if they hold anything meaningful.
• It is about evaluating the whole spectrum of experience and whether or not it gives the person meaning, value or fullness.

new evaluation to judge our experiences

• does not look at what is considered to be universal true or moral.
• Instead it looks at how it makes the person feel, react, or what is life affirming.
• It about what is makes the experience more colorful and joyful for that person.