PSYC*2020 FINAL

condition where people have a lifelong pattern of seeing themselves and reacting to others in ways that cause problems. People with ______ often have a hard time understanding emotions and tolerating distress.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors, including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

Cluister B Personality Disorders

Characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors, including borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial personality disorders.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Characterized by anxious and fearful behaviors, including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Ongoing debate about personality disorders (categorical vs. dimensional)

do personality disorders represent a) extreme variations of personality or b) distinct personalities that are different from healthy behaviour patterns p

Paranoid Personality Disorder

>loners much like paranoid/schizotypcial individuals but lack the unusual thoughts/beliefs

Treatment for paranoid personality disorder

indivudals rarely seek out treatment, but when they it often focuses on social skill training

schizotypical personality disorder

>isolated, suspicious, behave in odd or bizarre ways

> related to schizophrenia but lacks hallucinations/delusions

Treatment for schizotypal

> anti-psychotics, social skills training

>treatment often sought out due to co-morbid disorders

>treating this disorder may delay onset of schizophrenia

Cluster B Personality Disorder

Characterized by dramatic, erratic, or emotional behaviors, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. ntiA

Anti-Social Personality Disorder

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since the age of 15 and includes behaviors such as deceitfulness, aggression, and lack of remorse. sychP

Psychopathy

a specific type of antisocial personality disorder characterized by shallow emotions, manipulative behavior, and a lack of empathy.

Treatment for anti-social personality disorder

early intervention around selfishnessand manipulative behavior, often including psychotherapy and behavioral interventions.

Borderline Personality Disorder

a mental health disorder characterized by unstable moods, behaviour, and relationships, often involving impulsive actions and intense emotional responses beginning in early adulthood

Boderline personality disorder often manifests as

fluctuating moods (espically negative moods), instability and risk of suicide or self-injury

Some believe BPD is a variation of what disorder(s)?

1. PTSD due to BPD’s connection to childhood sexual abuse or neglect

2. mood disorders

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

a type of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapeutic intervention designed to help people manage intense emotions and improve interpersonal relationships, often used in the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviour beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

is marked by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy, typically starting in early adulthood. Individuals often have an inflated sense of self-importance and a strong desire for recognition.

Treatment for narcissistic personality

poorly researched but often focuses on working towards attainable and meaningful goals and treating any co-morbid depression

Cluster C personality Disorders

is characterized by anxious and fearful behaviour, which includes Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

is characterized by social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, leading individuals to avoid social situations and interactions.

How is avoidant personality disorder distinct form schizod or SAD?

individuals crave social connection but fear embarrassment

avoidant persoanlity disorder is more chronic than SAD

Treatment for avoidant personality disorder

SSRIs, social skill training, CBT

Dependent Personality Disorder

is a pervasive pattern of dependent and submissive behaviors, characterized by a strong need to be taken care of, leading to difficulties in making decisions and a fear of separation.

sociotropy

a personality trait characterized by a high desire for social approval and connection, often leading to dependency on others for self-esteem.

How are avoidant and dependent personality disorder similar to one another?

1. feelings of inadequacy

2. sensitivity to criticism

3. desire for reassurance

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

is a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, at the expense of flexibility and efficiency.

How are OCD and OCPD different?

OCPD is more of a approach to life NOT a pattern of distinct obsessions and complusions

Suicide ideation

refers to thoughts about self-harm or ending one's life, which can vary from fleeting thoughts to detailed planning.

Suicide plan

knowing how and when one would die by suicide and/or how to access what is needed for the plan

Suicide attempt

an act of trying to end one's life, which can range from non-lethal actions to lethal means.

How do men and women differ in their suicide attempts?

Men typically use more lethal means in suicide attempts, while women are more likely to use methods that are less immediately fatal. Additionally, women tend to have higher rates of non-fatal attempts compared to men.

Self Injury

a form of intentional self-harm without suicidal intent, often used as a coping mechanism for emotional distress.

How do men and women differ in their self-injury tendencies?

men- hit/burn more and have more injuries on their hands/heads

women- cut more and have more injures on their wrists/thighs

NSSI

non-suicidal self-injury, often used to cope with emotional pain or stress.

Non-suicidal self injury disorder

is characterized by recurrent self-injury without suicidal intent, significantly impacting daily functioning.

still up for further research in the DSM-5

Psychosis

a mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality, often manifested in hallucinations or delusions.

What are the three types of psychotic symptoms?

Positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms

Postive symptoms

include hallucinations and delusions that reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions.

Negative sympotms

refer to the absence or reduction of normal emotional responses and behaviours, such as lack of motivation or emotional flattening. (apathy, apologia, anhedonia, asociality, affective flattening )

Apathy

lack of initiation or persistence (negative symptom)

Alogia

speaking much less than expected (negative symptom)

anhedonia

lack of pleasure where expected (negative symptom)

a-sociality

lack of interest in social interactions or relationships (negative symptom)

affective flattening

lack of emotional expression (negative symptom)

disorganized symptoms

symptoms that affect thought processes, speech, and behavior, leading to disorganized thinking and communication.

Schizophrenia

a severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, and sense of self, often including hallucinations and delusions.

Describe the progression of schizophrenia’s onset.

Has a very gradual oneset beginning with a 1-2 prodromal stage (before symptoms are are schizophrenia level)

can take 2-10 years before symptoms meet criteria

What factors can cause schizophrenia?

1. overactive dopamine systems

2. genetics (hereditary)

3. environmental influences such as prenatal exposure to infections or malnutrition, stress, and substance abuse.

Treatment for schizophrenia

1. antipsychotics used to block dopamine receptors and alleviate symptoms.

2. Therapy and support services also play a crucial role in management.

Schizophreniform

same as schizophrenia but lasts less than 6 months

Schizoaffective disorder

a mental health condition featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders, such as depression or mania.

Delusion Disorder

a type of psychotic disorder characterized by the presence of one or more delusions that persist for at least one month.

ADHD

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

Common ADHD myths

1. childhood disorder

2. Widely over diagnosed

3. medication for ADHD turns children into zombies

4. people with ADHD are just lazy

Possible causes of ADHD

include genetic factors, brain structure differences, prenatal exposure to toxins, and environmental influences.

Treatment for ADHD

most commonly treated using stimulants such as Ritalin to increase dopamine

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a developmental disorder affecting communication, behavior, and social interaction, often characterized by repetitive behaviors and varying levels of impairment.

What are the three levels of autism specified in the DSM

Level 1: requiring support

Level 2: requiring substantial support

Level 3: requiring very substantial support

Which gender is Autism more common with?

Males at a ratio of 4.5 to 1

Applied Behaviour Analysis

Commonly used intervention for autism which is used to promote language, communication, and social skills and decrease ‘problem behaviours’

Individual Education Plans (IEPs)

Written plans developed for students with disabilities, outlining personalized education goals and necessary services to support their learning.

cognitive abilities

thinking, reasoning and problem solving abilities

Academic skills

skills related to learning and education, including reading, writing, and math.

Learning Disorders

Neurological conditions that affect the brain's ability to receive, process, and respond to information, impacting learning in areas such as reading, writing, and math.

Dyslexia

A learning disorder characterized by difficulty in reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words.

Dysgraphia

A learning disorder characterized by difficulty in spelling, grammar or organizing written ideas

Dyscalculia

A learning disorder characterized by difficulty in number sense/number facts or math reasoning

Possible causes for learning disorders

1. Reading disorders seem to have significant genetic component

2. Likely involves structural and functional brain differences

3. Impacted by level of support received and socio-economic status

Treatments for learning disabilities

1. Tutoring or specialized schooling

2. Accommodations for testing

3. Cooperation b/t home and school

Intellectual Developmental Disorder

A disorder characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting everyday social and practical skills.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

disorder characterized by irritability, vindictiveness, and defiant and argumentative behaviours most often beginning in preschool

Conduct Disorder

A mental health disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or societal norms, including aggressive conduct, deceitfulness, or serious violations of rules.

How does conduct disorder manifest differently in boys and girls?

boys- fighting, stealing, vandalism, physical aggression

girls- lying, truancy, running away, less physical aggression

Prognosis of conduct disorder

Less serious symptoms often develop first before the more severe behaviors associated with conduct disorder.

If more serious behaviours develop early this is often a worse prognosis for treatment (developing into anti-social disorder)

Transvestic Disorder

A paraphilic interest in cross-dressing for sexual arousal, typically involving dressing in clothes typically worn by the opposite sex.

Gender dysphoria

A psychological condition where a person experiences significant distress or discomfort due to a mismatch between their experienced gender and assigned gender at birth.

Four sub-types of sexuality disorders

1. Desire disorders

2. Arousal disorders

3. Orgasm disorders

4. Sexual pain disorders

Male hypercative sexual disorder

Characterized by recurrent, intense sexual urges or behaviors that are marked by hyperactivity and lead to significant distress or impairment. (Desire disorder)

Female sexual interest arousal disorder

A sexual dysfunction characterized by a lack of sexual interest or arousal in females, leading to distress or relationship issues. (Desire disorder)

Erectile disorder

A sexual dysfunction in which a male consistently has difficulty maintaining or achieving an erection during sexual activity, leading to distress or interpersonal problems. (Arousal disorder)

Delayed ejaculation disorder

A sexual dysfunction where a male experiences a delay in ejaculation during sexual activity, often causing significant distress or frustration. (Orgasm disorder)

Premature ejaculation disorder

A sexual dysfunction characterized by recurrent and persistent ejaculation occurring with minimal sexual stimulation, leading to significant distress or interpersonal difficulties. (Orgasm disorder)

Female orgasmic disorder

A sexual dysfunction in which a female consistently has difficulty achieving orgasm during sexual activity, leading to distress or interpersonal problems. (Orgasm disorder)

Genito-pelvic pain/Penetration disorder

A sexual dysfunction characterized by pain during intercourse or difficulty with penetration, causing significant distress or interpersonal challenges. (Pain disorder)

Paraphiliac disorders

A group of sexual disorders characterized by atypical sexual interests that may involve non-consenting partners, causing distress or impaired functioning.

Voyeuristic disorder

A paraphilic disorder where an individual gains sexual pleasure from observing others engaged in intimate behaviors, often without their consent.

Exhibitionistic disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by the urge to expose one's genitals to unsuspecting individuals, often leading to sexual arousal and excitement.

Froteruistic disorder

A paraphilic disorder involving sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person, typically in crowded places.

Pedophilic disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by an adult's sexual attraction to prepubescent children, often involving fantasies or behaviors that may cause harm or distress.

Sexual masochism disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by sexual arousal derived from being humiliated, beaten, or otherwise made to suffer, often involving consensual activities.

Sexual sadism disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person, often involving consensual activities.

Fetishistic disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by sexual arousal from non-living objects or specific body parts, often leading to distress or impairment in functioning.

Sleep disorders

A group of conditions that affect sleep quality, timing, or duration, often leading to distress or impairment in functioning.

Insomnia disorder

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, leading to daytime dysfunction and distress.

Hypersomnolence disorder

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness during the day, despite having sufficient sleep at night, leading to daytime impairment and distress.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden sleep attacks, and potentially cataplexy, which is a sudden loss of muscle tone.

narcolepsy is associated with what?

1. sleep paralysis

2. hypnagogic hallucinations and cataplexy.

Sleep paralysis

brief periods after waking up where the person cannot move or speak

Hypnagogic hallucinations

vivid experiences that begin at the start of sleep and can include visual, touch, hearing, and movement sensations