Athletic Training and Sports Medicine Review Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards based on lecture notes covering sports medicine PPE, injury prevention, gait cycles, nutrition, and environmental safety.

Hinge words

Words like $likely$, $may$, $can$, $sometimes$, $often$, $almost$, $mostly$, $usually$, $generally$, and $rarely$, which are included in answer choices to cover every possibility.

Switchback words

Direction-changing words such as $but$, $although$, $however$, $despite$, and $regardless$ that alter the flow of a question or answer choice.

PPE Comprehensive Exams are repeated

Physical examinations that must be repeated every $2-3\,yrs$ for middle school, high school, and when transferring schools.

Collegiate pre-participation examinations must be completed no more than $1\,mo$ before participating in a sports program.

Cardiac Assessment in PPE are specifically to determine what abnormalities

A thorough assessment to determine abnormalities such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or coronary artery abnormalities.

Exclusions from sports can be based on

1. Injuries 

2. Latent conditions (cardiac abnormalities) 

3. Physical disabilities that poses danger

4. Renal disease 

5. Uncontrolled hypertension

6. Health condition that poses danger (Staph/MRSA, HIV, hepatitis infections) 

7. Disagreement among physicians 

8. Failure of reasonable accommodations to eliminate risk 

9. Contagious diseases that poses risk

Marfan Syndrome Evaluation are required for

Required for males over $6'$ and females over $5'10"$ who present with two or more signs of the condition.

Q angle

Measured from the ASIS through the centerpoint of the patella to the tibial tubercle; normal for males is $13^\circ$ and females is $15^\circ$.

BMI Formula

$$BMI = \frac{\text{weight in lbs} \times 703}{(\text{height in inches})^{2}}$$

BMI Weight Categories (Adult)

Underweight is <18.5,
Normal is $18.5-24.9$,
Overweight is $25.0-29.9$,
Obese is $30.0+$.

BMI Categories (Under 20y/o)

Based on CDC charts: <5^{th}\% is underweight,

85<95^{th}\% risk for overweight,

$95^{th}\%+$ is overweight.

Prevention of injury in overweight athletes 

1. Avoid performance enhancing supplies (steroid, stimulants) they result in hypertension, cardiac abnormalities, etc. 

2. Avoid high volume, high intensity plyometric exercise which can result in joint damage

3. Acclimatize

4. Maintain a nutritious diet

Skinfold measurement areas

Standard areas include the triceps, biceps, suprailiac, and subscapular areas.

PPE Components

Consists of six parts: medical history, physical examination, cardiovascular screening, orthopedic screening, general medical screening, and wellness screening.

Monocular Athlete Exclusions in the sports of

Athletes with only one eye are excluded from boxing, wrestling, and full contact martial arts due to inadequate protection gear.

When developing a risk management plan, include (5)

security issues, fire safety, electrical equipment safety, emergency action plan (EAP), and crisis management plan.

A good pair of running shoe has lifespan of…. and should be

$350-550\,miles$ of running.

Breathable, soft+sturdy midsole, good forefoot flexibility, strong heel 

A pair of shoes with good ankle support should

• Use 1.5-2in porous athletic tape or moleskin

• High top shoes with inflatable support to support the ankle 

• Semi-rigid orthotic stabilizers that fit around the ankle 

• Shoes with adjustable straps that provide semi ridings support to ankle

ASTM

American Society of Testing Materials; the organization responsible for setting standards for eye protection in sports.

American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) sets the standards for eye protection in racquet spots, what non-racquet sports? What material is the eye wear?

baseball, basketball, field hockey, skiing

polycarbonate plastic, very resistant to force. 2mm for low risk, and 3mm for high risk activities to dissipate force of impact to prevent intracranial injury

List each sports and what protective equipments involved are

• Baseball: helmet+mouth guard. Catchers must wear: mouth guard+shin guards+chest protectors+protective mitts

• Football: helmet+mouth guard+shoulder pads+hip pads+tailbone pads+thigh guards

• Basketball: midtop shoes+mouth guards 

• Gymastics: wrist guards+hand grips+soft gymnastic footwear

• Skateboard: helmet+kneepads+elbowpads+slip resistant, closed toe shoes 

• Soccer: shin guards+molded or ribbed sole shoes. Goal posts are padded 

• Volleyball: knee pads+protective pants, shoes supporting ankles+arch

Keratoderma

Callus formation on the feet; prevented by soaking, using files, wearing double socks, properly fitting shoes, wear protections to prevent friction and applying emollients.

The turf field increases…. prevention tips are

increasers dorsiflexion and hyperextension of toe.

• Wear stiff forefoot shoes

• Add insoles

• Thermo-moldable plastic can be made to limit excessive dorsiflexion

Define the gait cycle

begins when foot contacts ground and completes when same foot contacts ground again

Stance/contact (3) 

1. Contact - heel connected with ground, cushions impact, with foot pronating until it flatten 

2. Mid stance - still pronating while supporting WB, with max pressure on arch. Other foot is in the swing phase 

3. Take off/propulsion - great toe dorsiflexes, plantar fascia tightens, heel rises from ground, foot supinating and provides lever for propulsion 

Swing (3) 

1. Follow through - toe lifts from ground 

2. Forward swing - foot swings forward 

3. Descent - heel descends. This phase ends just before contact

Cardiorespiratory endurance tests

Harvard step test, Rockport Fitness Walking Test, and sprint tests.

To improve cardiorespiratory endurance: do 20-60min aerobic activity 3-6x/week
For competitive athletes: perform atleast 45min aerobic activity at least 4x/week

PNF Stretching

Flexibility technique involving an active contraction phase (partner-resisted) and a passive relaxation phase (partner-assisted stretch).

• During active contraction: partner provides resistance while muscle is contracted. 

• During passive relaxation phase: brought into stretched position while athletes relaxes the muscle being stretched

A spotter is needed when.. Your job as the spotter is..

One or more spotters must assist with free-weight exercise where bar passes over face, head, if athlete on their back, or bar in front of shoulders

protect from injury, provide guidance on proper lifting, offer encouragement. 

• Lifter know how to get out the way of a fail lift attempt 

• Ensure lifter stabilzed before lift 

• Stand behind lifter

• Monitor lift speed, ROM, lifter’s breath, number of reps

ATR Daily Cleanliness

Includes sweeping floors, disinfecting sinks, emptying trash, and disinfecting tables, hydrotherapy modalities, and equipment.

Principles of adult learning 

• Practical and goal oriented - provide overviews and examples, collaborative 

• Self directed - active involvement gives students responsibility 

•  Knowledgeable - show respect for student’s life/experience, validate, relate the new material 

• Relevancy oriented - explain the applicability, identify objectives 

• Motivated - CEU and provide certificates when possible

Fartlek training

A form of strength and endurance training that involves running at varying speeds and intensities.

Macronutrient Energy Values

Fat provides $9\,kcal/g$, Carbohydrates provide $4\,kcal/g$, and Protein provides $4\,kcal/g$.

Endurance Protein Requirements

Athletes in endurance activities require $1.2-1.4\,g$ of protein per $kg$ of body weight.

Resistance Protein Requirements

Athletes in resistance and strength activities require $1.6-1.7\,g$ of protein per $kg$ of body weight.

Psychrometer

An instrument used to monitor environmental conditions by accounting for heat, humidity, and the sun's radiation.

Flash to bang method

Divide the seconds between a lightning flash and thunder by $5$ to determine distance in miles.

Define the 3 high

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)

A condition resulting from high altitude that can lead to acute respiratory distress and death.

Those who collect injury surveillance data: 

1. National Safety Council 

2. NCAA Injury Sureillance System

3. National High School Sport-Related Injury Surveillance Study

4. Annual Survey of Football Injury Research

5. National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research

6. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System

High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)

can lead to neurological damage, causing seizures, coma, death

Typical changes during acclimatization are

• hyperventilation to increase oxygen uptake (hypoxic ventilatory response)

• increased urination and dehydration

• increased HR

• frequent awakening at night & Cheyne-Stokes respirations

• increased BP

High altitude sickness guidelines of immediate treatment

• stop ascent in response to signs of AMS until symptoms subside

• descend immediately for emergency treatment with signs of HACE or HAPE

• if arriving to an area with high elevation, avoid exertion of more ascents for 24hrs

• Drink lots of water (4-6L) and keep urine clear or pale

• avoid exercise until acclimatized

• sleep only at night

• eat 70% carbohydrate diet

• avoid alcohol, tobacco, depressant drugs

Increase elevation above 10k feet at rate of 1k feet daily, with one rest day for each 1k feet

Endurance training, discuess aerobic and anaerobic endurance training

Aerobic endurance training - to increase production of energy to met demands of athletic activities. Increase VO2 max, and lactate threshold.

• Waste products are carbon dioxide (expelled through expiration) and water (expelled through sweating). 

• Endurance activities may be short (2-8min), medium (8-30min), or long (20-30min) 

Anaerobic endurance training - demands for oxygen and energy exceed that which is available. As result, body burns stored energy, lactic acid begins to accumulate.

• Endurance activities are classified as short (<25s), medium (25-60s), or long (1-2min)

• Goal is to increase anaerobic endurance through high-intensity, repetitive exercise with short recovery periods

What is the purpose of speed training? What is the purpose of strength training?

Speed - goal is to increase ability to repeatedly run high speed sprints over short distance and improve coordination of muscle contractions 

Strength - goals is to improve and maintain muscle contractions and force. Ex) weight training, hill and harness running, Fartlek training (run at varying speed and intensity)

Importance of diet

Fat - 9kal/g. Most efficient form of energy, 5hrs to metabolize, should be 30% of the diet 

Carbohydrated - 4kal/g. Simple carbs (sugars, fruits, dairy) are fastest source of energy, 30min to metabolize. Complex carbs (whole grains, veggies ) convert to energy more slowly (2hrs). 55-60% of diet

Protein - 4kal/g. Metabolized more slowly (3hrs) but provide longer lasting source of energy. 10-15% of diet. 

• Athletes expend 2200-4400kal daily. Ensure to consume 2.5L of water per 2400kal burned

• Pre-event meals should be 500-1000 calories, consumed 3-4hrs before event 

Endurance activities require: 

• 1.2-1.4grams of protein/kg of BW

• Resistance and strength activities 1.6-1.7grams of protein/kg of BW 

Females need at least 1200-1500kal/day, athletes require more. 

• Can calcium supplement of 1500mg/day 

• Vit C will help with abortions of iron also if necessary

Training with Pollution guidelines 

• practices/games should be held after rush hour (late afternoon) 

• Check pollen counts and ozone levels daily. Cancel outdoor activities when appropriate 

• Exercise in the early morning

Jetlag and how to minimize negative effects of travel

Jet Lag aka Circadian rhythm may result in:

• Lethargy, dizziness, insomnia, dehydration, drowsiness, impaired athletic performance 

• Traveling west to east = more problems

Steps to minimize negative effects of travel: 

• Sleep well the night before

• Hydrate, avoid alcohol

• Avoid juice, sodas, caffeine, alcohol 

• Try being on a schedule that coincides 

• Remove shoes, stretch, walk periodica

Define the 3 high altitude sicknesses, explain their decreased oxygen at what levels

High altitude sickness 

• 17% decrease in oxygen at 5k feet

• 31% decrease at 10k feet

• 20-30% decrease (HAS develops) at 8k feet

• 75% decrease at 14k feet 

Three types of high-altitude sickness

1. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) - failure to acclimatize. May be mild to severe. Presents with headache, lethargy, nausea, confusion, unsteady gait, dyspnea. Occurs 6024hrs after ascent 

2. High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) - can lead to neurological damage, causing seizures, coma, death 

3. High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) - can lead to acute respiratory distress and death

Medical documentation abbreviations:

B, C/O, D/C, PRE. R/O

B - bilateral
C/O - complained of, under care of
D/C - discharge
PRE - progressive resistance exercise
R/O - rule out

Medical terminology, define: SAID principle, hypertrophy, atrophy, concentric contraction, eccentric contraction, metabolic heat production, conductive heat exchange, convective heat exchange, radiant heat exchange, evaporative heat loss, clonic, tonic, crepitus, tendinosis, ecchymosis, pathomechanic,

Medical terminology, define: symptom, sign, syndrome, sequela, ishemia, cryokinetics, proprioception, apophysis, exostosis, patella alta, patella baja, genu valgum, genu varum, genu recurvatum, coup injury, countercoup injury, epistaxis, diplopia, auricular (pinna) hematoma)

Medical terminology, define: malaise, photophobia, embolus, benign, amenorrhea

Obtaining medical history, guidelines for questioning include

• avoid yes/no questions

• request descriptions

• ask content questions

• clarify all reports of injury or illness by asking info about duration and symptoms

Define auscultation, palpation, percussion