Ch 14 - Musculoskeletal System

pages (21 total) (10 left)

525, 528, 533, 534, 541, 543, 548, 554, 564, 568

bone

organ made up of hard connective tissue with a dense outer layer and spongy inner layer

periosteum

outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

cancellous bone / spongy bone

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone

edosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

diaphysis

shaft of the long bones

epiphysis

end of each long bone

bone marrow

material found in the cavities of bones

red marrow

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

yellow marrow

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

maxilla

upper jawbone

mandible

lower jawbone

ligament

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

muscle

tissue composed of specialized cells with the ability to contract to produce movement; the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

fascia

band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separates their layers

skeletal muscles / striated muscles

attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles. Alternating dark and light bands create striations (stripes)

smooth muscles / unstriated muscles

located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also known as involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily

cardiac muscle / myocardium

forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

fasciitis

inflammation of the fascia (connective tissue enclosing and separating muscle layers)

fibromyalgia

pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep)

ankylosing spondylitis / Strümpell-Marie arthritis or disease / rheumatoid spondylitis

form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine

bunion / hallux valgus

abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve; symptoms include pain and tingling in portions of the hand and fingers

compartment syndrome

painful condition caused by increased pressure within a muscle that can lead to ischemia; acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency and is caused by severe injury

spondylolisthesis

forward slipping of one vertebra over another

sprain

abnormal stretching or tearing of a ligament that supports a joint

strain

abnormal stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon

subluxation

partial dislocation of bones in a joint

tarsal tunnel syndrome

painful foot disorder caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it passes through the ankle

arthrography

radiographic imaging of a joint (with contrast media)

myelography

radiographic imaging of the spinal cord (with contrast media)

arthroscopy

visual examination of a joint

electromyogram (EMG)

record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle

dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) / dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) / bone densitometry / bone density test

radiographic imaging, usually of the lumbar spine and hips, to measure bone loss and bone mineral density; the procedure utilizes low doses of radiation and is used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and monitoring of treatment

bone markers

blood and urine tests to determine the rate of bone turnover (resorption and formation); often used with DXA to diagnose and monitor treatment of osteoporosis and other bone disorders

muscle biopsy

removal of muscle tissue using a needle or small incision; used to assess musculoskeletal abnormalities involving weakness or pain such as muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis

CTS

carpal tunnel syndrome

fx

fracture

HNP

herniated nucleus pulposus

MD

muscular dystrophy

MG

myasthenia

OA

osteoarthritis

PM

polymyositis

RA

rheumatoid arthritis

RSI

repetitive strain injury

DEXA

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (bone density test)

DXA

dual x-ray absorptiometry (bone density test)

EMG

electromyogram

THA

total hip arthroplasty

TKA

total knee arthroplasty

DC

Doctor of Chiropractic

DO

Doctor of Osteopathy

Ortho

orthopedics

C1-C7

cervical vertebrae

L1-L5

lumbar vertebrae

T1-T12

thoracic vertebrae

abduction

moving away from the midline

adduction

moving toward the midline

inversion

turnng inward

eversion

turning outward

extension

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

flexion

movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint

pronation

movement that turns the palm down

supination

movement that turns the palm up

rotation

turning around its own axis

submandibular

pertaining to below the mandible (lower jaw bone)

submaxillary

pertaining to below the maxilla (upper jaw bone)

substernal

pertaining to under the sternum (breastbone)

supraclavicular

pertaining to above the clavicle (collarbone)

suprapatellar

pertaining to above the patella (kneecap)

tarsal

pertaining to the tarsals (ankle bones)

tibial

pertaining to the tibia (lower leg bone)

ulnar

pertaining to the ulna (lower arm bone)

vertebral

pertaining to the vertebrae

arthralgia

joint pain

atrophy

without development (process of wasting away)

bradykinesia

slow movement

dyskinesia

difficult movement

dystrophy

abnormal development

hemarthrosis

abnormal condition of blood in the joint

carpal

pertaining to the carpals (wrist)

clavicular

pertaining to the clavicle (collarbone)

cranial

pertaining to the cranium (skull)

femoral

pertaining to the femur

fibular

pertaining to the fibula

humeral

pertaining to the humerus

iliac

pertaining to the ilium

intercostal

pertaining to between the ribs

intervertebral

pertaining to between the vertebrae

intracranial

pertaining to within the cranium (skull)

ishial

pertaining to the ischium (lower pelvis)

hyperkinesia

excessive movement (hyperactive)

hypertrophy

excessive development

myalgia

muscle pain

lumbar

pertaining to the loins (lumbar)

patellar

pertaining to the patella (kneecap)

patellofemoral

pertaining to the patella and femur