imperalism

Reasons against imperialism

Neutrality and the Monroe Doctrine are reasons against?

Neutrality [no permanent alliances] (George Washington)

A policy of supporting neither side in a war.

"Our true policy," Washington's Farewell declared, is "to steer clear of permanent Alliances with any portion of the foreign world."

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A United States foreign policy position that opposes European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere.

Reasons for imperialism

These reasons are for?

• Resources and markets (industrial capitalism) [+ industrial overproduction]

• "Age of Imperialism"

• Alfred Thayer Mahan -

• Frederick Jackson Turner

• John Winthrop

• Imperialism of Righteousness (Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden")

• Charles Darwin- Social Darwinism (conquering the less evolved cultures/races)

"Age of Imperialism" (1850-1914)

Worldwide competition (creation of the German and Italian nation states), spheres of influence, prestige (German historian Heinrich von Treitschke said, "Every virile people has established colonial power. All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come.")

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) (how a strong navy extends a nation's sphere of influence)

Frederick Jackson Turner

Wrote "Frontier Thesis" (American character is forged on the frontier + 1890, the closing of the American frontier)

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Imperialism of Righteousness

A concept that describes how some nations, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, justified their expansion and domination of other countries by claiming they were acting on behalf of a higher moral purpose, often linked to religion, civilization, or the idea of spreading their values.

Charles Darwin

Started Social Darwinism (conquering the less evolved cultures/races)

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Annex (ation)

Adding a territory to an existing political entity, like a city, country, or state. It's the process of incorporating new land into a larger jurisdiction.

Protectorate

A state or country that's protected by a larger, stronger one. Protectorate is another word for "protected state."

Sphere of Influence

Section of the country which foreign nations enjoyed special rights and power

Sovereignty

The supreme power or authority within a defined territory. It essentially means that a state has the right and ability to govern itself, without external interference or control

Open Door Policy (How did it benefit the US and China

It concerned China and was aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all foreign nations while preserving China's territorial and administrative integrity. This benefited the US as it prevented them from getting shut out of the whole thing.

Treaty of Kanagawa (Commodore Perry)

Negotiated by Commodore Matthew Perry, it opened two Japanese ports to American ships, Shimoda and Hakodate, and allowed for the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan.

Opium Wars (Britain-China) (1840s-1860s)

1st one - 1839-1842

2nd one - 1856-1860

Who: Britain and China

Why: China is an isolationist - Doesn't want outside influence. The British wanted China to open ports and trade with Britain. Britain wants access to Chinese markets. Britain wants to sell opium

End Result: China is forced to open trade ports from the outside. Qing dynasty is further weakened because of addiction to opium (opium dens)

Sino-Japanese War (China-Japan) (1894-95)

A conflict between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea.

Who: British China

Why: The war stemmed from growing tensions between China and Japan over Korea, a Chinese tributary state. Japan sought to expand its influence in the region, while China sought to maintain its control.

End Result: Japan's victory resulted in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ceded territory to Japan, including Taiwan, Penghu, and the Liaodong Peninsula.

Open door policy/ John Hay (1899)

Proposed by John Hay, it gave each foreign nation in China rights to trade freely in other nations' spheres of influence.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

1899, a secret chinese organization, the boxers, revolted against "foreign devils" in China.

This led to the second open door proposal which stressed the importance of maintaining china's independence

Hawaii (Overthrow of Hawaiian monarchy/ Annexation of Hawaii)

In Hawaii many american businessmen had arrived. These people had been growing exotic fruits like sugar cane or pineapples. The Hawaiians retaliated but then their monarchy was overthrown to be able to get Annexed by the US

Hawaii was Annex by the US as the US navy wanted to use it as a coaling station in the pacific. There was also great economic potential as the weather there could grow exotic items.

For what reasons was Liliuokalani overthrown?

Political tension that had been building for some time, which were brought to a crescendo by the queen's attempt to adopt a new constitution in accordance with the desires of her subjects

For what two reasons did the U.S. agree to annex Hawaii?

1. Hawaii was ideally located as a gateway to Eastern markets and could provide rich commercial advantages.

2. They also recognized the strategic importance of Pearl Harbor, which could serve as a military outpost and coaling station for merchant ships in the Pacific.

Liliuokalani

The only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893

Sanford Dole

Negotiated the annexation of Hawaii to the US in 1898. Served as President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Hawaii after Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Stepping stones to Asia

a maritime route, particularly in the context of the Bering Strait, where islands or landmasses acted as intermediate stops for migrating populations, facilitating their journey from Asia to North America

Spanish American War (1898)

Conflict between the U.S. and Spain that began the rise of the U.S. as a world power. The U.S. gained possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as a result.

Where: The fights were in San Juan Hill and Guantanamo Bay

Who: U.S and Spain

Why: The U.S. support for Cuban independence, economic interests in Cuba, the sinking of the USS Maine, and the influence of yellow journalism

End Result: The Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris in December 1898, where Spain ceded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States. The United States also purchased the Philippines from Spain for $20 million. This treaty effectively ended Spain's colonial empire and established the United States as a major world power

For what reasons did the United States declare war on Spain? (name and explain three)

1. The mysterious explosion of the U.S. battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor in February 1898, which killed 260 American sailors, fueled public outrage and a demand for war.

2. Yellow Journalism talked about Spanish policies in Cuba, including the reconcentration camps where Cubans were forcibly placed, led to widespread death and suffering.

3. The United States had significant economic interests in Cuba, including investments in sugar plantations and other industries. The instability caused by the Cuban revolution threatened these interests, and there was also a growing interest in the potential for a Panama Canal.

Yellow journalism (Hearst, Pulitzer)

Characterized by sensationalized and often inaccurate reporting, played a significant role in shaping public opinion and ultimately contributing to the Spanish-American War.

manufactured—dramatic events was a powerful force that helped propel the United States into war with Spain. Their journalism used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole to sell millions of newspapers--a style that became known as yellow journalism.

Sinking of the USS Maine

A united states battleship with a upward cost of 2 million dollars sent to Havana Harbor to aid american citizens who got stuck in the new rebellion.

Then it was told that a mine had blown it up, without pointing fingers to Spain (yellow journalism thought otherwise), which them was blamed on Spain. Killed 260.

Theodore Roosevelt/rough riders

Theodore's group of volunteer militia to fight in Spanish American war.

The Battle of San Juan Hill

A pivotal battle in the Spanish-American War, resulting in a decisive US victory and control of the strategic San Juan Heights overlooking Santiago, Cuba

Who: U.S with Cuba VS Spain

Why: San Juan Heights provided a strategic vantage point overlooking the Spanish stronghold of Santiago, Cuba.

End Result: Decisive American victory, paving the way for the fall of Santiago de Cuba and ultimately ending the Spanish-American War.

Philippine-American war (1899-1901)

Although, rebels in the Philippines and Cuba had looked to the Americans as saviors, the U.S. victory only replaced one imperial power with another. Months after the Spanish surrender, America was fighting its own colonial war against Filipino rebels. Intervention in Cuban affairs lasted until 1934 and left a residue of anti-Americanism.

Who: US and Philippine

Why: Filipino revolutionaries, who had just fought alongside the United States to defeat Spain, sought independence from the United States after the Spanish-American War. The United States, however, intended to establish a colonial government in the Philippines, leading to armed conflict.

End Result: American military victory and the dissolution of the First Philippine Republic

Teller Amendment (1898)

A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

Platt Amendment (1901)

A set of stipulations attached to the Cuban Constitution in 1901, limiting Cuba's sovereignty and granting the United States significant control over its foreign and domestic affairs.

Why is the Spanish American War Called the Splendid Little War?

This war was called a "splendid little war" because Secretary of State John Hay described it as such, reflecting the swift and relatively bloodless victory for the United States, which led to the country's emergence as a global power.