Apsc Final

What is a breeding soundness exam (BSE)

a medical and reproductive assesment that evaluates a mares suitability for breeding

What are the purposes for a bse

find potential reproductive issues

assess fertility

optimize breeding efficiency

determine suitability for natural breeding, AI, or embryo transfer

minimize economic losses

What is the importance of a breeding soundness exam

ensures stallions and mares are capable of reproduction

identifies fertility issues early

enhances efficiency

evaluates reproductive anatomy and quality

crucial for breeding prgrams (preformance horse and genetic selection)

What is inculded in a breeding soundness exam

comprehensive history- estrous cycle, breeding history, pregnancy and foaling history, vaccine history, and more

physical examination

externam vulvar examination

rectal palpation

rectal ultrasound

vaginal speculum

uterine cytology

What does the vulva do

it is an external part that prevents foreign material entering

What does the rectal ultrasound help you see

allows the vet to see issues not spotted by hand, it can also determine the stage of a mares heat.

What is the point of a uterine cytology

used to asses the health of a mares uterus, by examining sample cells from the endometrium

it detects infectious diseases, inflammation, and other abnormalities

true or false if a mares results from a uterine cytology show inflammation her chances of [regnancy are lower.

true

What are some forms of restraints used for a breeding soundness exam

halter and lead rope

twitch

stocks

holding up a leg

chemical restraint

stall wall/doorway

What is a anaglesic

used to reduce pain ( painkiller)

what is a sedative

a drug, that slows down or depresses the central nervous system, resulting in a calming or drowsy effect.

What is an antispasmodic

An antispasmodic is a medication that relieves or prevents muscle spasms, particularly in smooth muscles like those in the digestive tract or urinary bladder. They work by relaxing these muscles, thus reducing spasms and related pain or discomfort. 

What is an endometrial biopsy

An endometrial biopsy is a test performed that takes a sample of
the endometrium (the vagina's inner lining) and is examined under
a microscope in search of abnormal cells, cancer, or other
diseases.

What is the purpose of preforming an endometrial biopsy

to determine fertility

How is an endometrial biopsy preformed

clean perinium with povidone-iodine scrub

place a sterile covering on arm

insert arm with instrument into vulva, through vagina and cervix

then clamp a piece of uterus

remove arm

place tissue into bouins fixative to preserve

a uterine biopsy is graded based off of what

inflammation frequency, type, and degree

glandular nesting and periglandular fibrosis

describe the grading

Grade I: normal endometrium/mild focal inflammation or fibrosis
 ~80% chance of successful pregnancy
• Grade IIa: mild/moderate endometrial inflammation and/or multifocal periglandular
fibrosis
§ ~50 - 80% chance of successful pregnancy
§ 1-3 fibroblast layers
§ Average of 2+ fibrotic glandular nests per 5 mm
• Grade IIb: multifocal moderate endometrial inflammation and/or multifocal fibrosis
§ ~10 - 50% chance of successful pregnancy
§ 4+ fibroblast layers
§ Average of 2-4 fibrotic glandular nests per 5 mm
• Grade III: severe inflammation and/or diffuse fibrosis
§ <10% chance of successful pregnancy
§ Average of 5+ fibrotic glandular nests per 5 mm

describe a vaginal exam

clean perineum

separate the lips and insert speculum

shine light and examine vagina and cervix

remove speculum

then ensure vestibulovaginal fols obstruct the vagina

What is the vestibulovaginal fold

boundary between vestibule and vagina

in relation to the cervix more estrogen equals____ and more progesterone equals ____

more estrogen = looser cervix

more progesterone = tighter cervix

What are some reproductive issues found in bse

endometritis- inflammation of the uterine lining (endometrium)

Fibrosis- scarring and thickening of the uterine lining

uterine cyst

What are the causes of endometritis, fibrosis, and uterine cyst

endometritis- bacterial infections

fibrosis- chronic endometritis, previous infections, trauma, aging

uterine cyst- lymphatic blockages, scarring, and chronic uterine inflammation

what is one of the most common causes of infetility in mares

endometritis

What are some advancements in equine reproductive exams

Artificial Insemination (AI): Improved
semen preservation and transport
• Embryo Transfer (ET): Allows high-value
mares to produce multiple foals
• Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):
Fertilization enhancement for subfertile
stallions
• Genetic Testing & Hormonal Analysis:
Predicts fertility potential
• Advanced Imaging (Ultrasound &
Endoscopy): Detailed reproductive tract
assessments

STALLION BSE

What is a stallion

adult uncatrated male horse

Why do stallions get breeding soundness exams

to check the fertility

identify reproductive issues

see mating behaviors

semen quality

repro organs

and overall health

true or false a satifcactory breeder impregnates at least 85% of mares- 30-40 by live cover or 100-120 by AI

false,

A satisfactory breeder: impregnates at least 75% of mares ~
30 out of 40 by live cover or 90 out of 120 by artificial
insemination

When are good times for a stallion to get a bse

pre-purchase/recent purchase

pre breeding season (60-75 days prior)

when suspecting fertility issues

when considering a young stallion for breeding

BSE might be used to

estimate reproductive potential

provide routine evaluation prior to purchase

determine causes of poor reproductive preformance

What are te steps for preforming a bse

identifying stallion (age, breed, registered name, more)

health and breeding history (vaccines, number of mares bred)

venereal disease testing

general physical exam

external reproductive exam

internal reproductive exam

semen evaluation

What are some venereal diseases (Std)

Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
- Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
- Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)
- Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
- Dourine

What is included in a external exam of reproductive organs

● Evaluation conducted when penis is dropped
● Checks normal size, shape, or defects
Testes and epididymis
● evaluated after semen collection (more calm)
● Testes are palpated to see size, shape, symmetry, position,
smoothness, etc

true or false internal repro exam are typically done after semen collection

yes because they calmer

What is included in a internal reproductive exam

includes assessing the stallion’s reproductive health by
palpating and examining their internal genitalia, including the
inguinal rings and accessory sex glands.

true or false accessory glands are always easier to palpate after ejaculation

flase, the accessory sex glands may be more palpable
before ejaculation, so some practitioners may opt to palpate
before collection.

What is evaluated in semen collection

semen charcteristics, quality, ph, volume, concentration, motility, morphology, and daily output.

how is semen collected

with aid of a mare in heat

artificial vagina

semen collection allows for the assesment of what else

libido

Equine Dentistry

true or false dental disease is almost entirely preventable in every species

true

What are decidous teeth

baby teeth

true or false modified diet and eating patterns have resulted in some dental issues (domestication and confinement)

true

what are some importance of dental care

horse get old (teeth do not stop growing)

healthier horses live longer

utilize feed more efficiently

younger horses are being used in preformance more often and are asked to preform at higher levels

modified diet and eating patterns have caused dentaal issues

breding horse not chosen for dental issues

are younger horses being used in preformance and asked to preform at higher levels

yes

What does the amount of dental care a hors recieve depend on

age: younger and older horses require to be seen more (2-3 time a year)

lifestyle- ex. if a horse is on a grain diet. preformance horses generally require more dental care)

genetics- some have better teeth than others

mechanical changes- trauma or disease

What are other reasons dental care is important

dental and oral health

catching abnormalities/promblems early

ensures optimal nutrition (starts with mastication)

comfortability

enhance preformance

true or false a horses lips sort out and gather feed

true

describe a horse chewing

they chew in a circular motion using their cheeck teeth/molars with rough occlusal surface to grind.

true or false the upper and lower jaw are the same width

false they are different widths

What is anisognathism

a horse's lower jaw is set more narrow than their upper jaw. This uneven alignment is referred to as Anisognathism.

what is the maxilla

the upper jaw

maxillary teeth are slightly wider t or f

t

how much wider is the maxilla in comparison to the mandible

30%

the occlusal surface of the upper and lower cheek teeth has an inclination of__ to __ degrees

10-15

What are 8 clinical signs of dental issues

dropping feed

difficulty chewing

weight loss

excessive salvation

bad breath

resisting the bit

head tossing

adverse effects of bad teeth/confromation (weight loss, colic, interfere with preformance, painfulness)

What is dental flotation

the process of filing down a horses teeth (filing down sharp points)

What are incisors used for

grasp and cut food, and grooming

How many incisors do horses have

6 on top 6 on bottom

true or false horse incisors errupt as decidous then become permanent

true

what are canines used for

fighting

what are premolars and molars used for

grinding

describe the position/confromation of the premolars and molars

tightly wedged with a wide surface

true or false wolf teeth are classfied as premolars, but are vestigal

true

What is the function of wolf teeth

no function

wolf teeth are similar to..

wisdom teeth

What issues can wolf teeth impose

they can interfere with the bit

What are the deciduous teeth and their erruption time

true or false a foal is normally born with atleast one errupted tooth

false usually born with no errupted teeth

1rst deciduous incisors and
PM erupt within first week of
age.

yes

if a horse has no teeth you can assume

it is less than a week old

how many deciduous does a young horse have

24: 12 incisors and 12 premolars

when do permenant teeth begin to errupt

2.5 years of age

When do permanent teeth begin to errupt

Which teeth ar which

Why are horses jaws deep

to accommodate long teeth

What is hypsodont and its importance

dentition pattern characterized by teeth with high crowns.
• Allows for more wear and tear

how fast is tooth eruption for horses

slow 2-3 mm per year to componsate for wear

how many teeth do horses have

males have 40-42 permanent teeth

females have 36-40 teeth

what is the difference between male and femal horse dental confromation

males have canine teeth

what does it mean to have hypsodont teeth

are high crowned and keep growing

true or false cheek teeth continually erupt

true

can horses grow new teeth

no

what is the normal pace for teeth growth

hypsodont have 3 primary tissues + rough oclussal surface what are they

enamel

detin

cementum

pulp

describe enamel, detin, cemntum, and pulp

1. Enamel: hardest tissue in the body. Grinding fibrous feeds.
2. Dentin: Softer calcified tissue. Wears faster >> enamel. Acts as
a cushion for brittle enamel.
3. Cementum: Similar to dentin, being softer than enamel.
Cushions enamel. Helps anchor tooth to the periodontal ligament.
4. Pulp: Nerve and blood supply

Describe the difference between the human and horse molar (crown, root, growth)

list the parts of the tooth

list the parts of the tooth

What is a dental infundibulum

The infundibulum of a tooth, also known as a dental cup, is a funnel-shaped invagination or cavity found in the enamel of the tooth's crown. It is lined with enamel and filled with cementum, a specialized tissue that covers the tooth's roots.

aging horses is based on what

disappearance of cups

angle of incidence (angle formed by the meeting of lower and upper incisor teeth ( young: 160-180 adult: angle will slant forward and outward)

tooth surface (young: broad and flat adult: surface becomes oval 8-12 years old triangle >15

estimation

for deciduous teeth

central incisors erupt by___

intermediate incisors erupt by ___

corner incisors erupt by ___

Newborns: born without
teeth [or with 4 central
incisors (2 top, 2 bottom)].
• Central incisors erupt by 8
days.
• Intermediate incisors by 8
weeks.
• Corner incisors by 8
months.
• ~ 8 days, 8 weeks, 8 months

What is the difference between deciduous and permanent teeth

The deciduous teeth can be distinguished from permanent teeth because they are wider than they are tall and they have shallow roots.

while permanent teeth are taller than they are wide with long roots

What is the eruption time for central, intermediate, and corner incisors

I-/central incisors 2.5 years

I-2 intermediate incisors erupt at 3.5 years

I-3/corner incisors 4.5 years

• In wear
• Shape of the tooth
• Surface: Presence or absence of Cups, stars and spots on the
occlusal surface of the tooth.
• Cups: Center of the infundibulum. Gets smaller and disappears ~
8 years-old.
• Enamel spot: what’s left of the center of the cup.
• Angle of incidence

how do you determine a horses age by its teeth

incisor eruption

angle of incidence

the disappearance of cups with age ( The central incisors' cups disappear at 6 years, the intermediates at 7, and the corners at 8 on the bottom jaw)

grinding surface shape (young rectangle, old oval and triangle)

• The dental star, a yellowish spot on the grinding surface, appears after the cup disappears. 

• Dental stars appear in the central incisors at 8 years, intermediates at 9, and corners at 10.

Galvayne's Groove:

• A groove on the lateral surface of the upper corner incisor, starting to appear at about 10 years of age. 

• It extends halfway down the tooth by 15 years and reaches the full length by 20 years.