Cell Structure

Plasma Membrane

• Phospholipid bilayer

• provides support and protection to the cell; controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Nucleus

Contains DNA.

describe the structure and the function of the nucleus (4)

• Nuclear envelope pores for passage of molecules

• DNA is stored as chromosomes

• DNA replication occurs

• Storing DNA for polynucleotide production

Nuclear Envelope

• Double membrane

• continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

• regulates entry and exit of molecules.

Nuclear Pores

• Gaps that allow passage of molecules.

Nucleoplasm

• Similar to cytoplasm but for the nucleus.

Chromatin

• Unwound chromosomes that form DNA when the cell is not dividing.

Nucleolus

• Part of the nucleus that makes ribosomes.

Mitochondria

• Site where aerobic respiration takes place.

Double Membrane

• Controls what goes in and out of the mitochondria.

Cristae

• In mitochondria

• Provides a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes for respiration.

Matrix

Contains proteins, lipids, DNA, and ribosomes within mitochondria.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Has ribosomes on the outer surface

• synthesizes proteins and glycoproteins

• provides a large surface area and pathway for transport of materials.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Synthesizes, stores, and transports lipids and carbohydrates.

Golgi Apparatus

• Stacks of cisternae with vesicles; modifies, labels, and transports proteins.

Lysosome

• Contains lysozyme and digestive enzymes

• isolates lysozyme and hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls.

Ribosomes

Made of ribosomal DNA; involved in protein synthesis.

Cell Wall

• Supports the cell and provides structure; made of cellulose; microfibrils prevent bursting.

• has plasmodesmata (pore) & middle lamella

Chloroplast

• Site of photosynthesis.

• has grana (stacks of thylakoids) where first stage of photosynthesis takes place

• has stroma (like cytoplasm) - 2nd site of photosynthesis

Vacuole

Fluid-filled sac surrounded by tonoplast; supports plants by maintaining turgor pressure.

Describe the role of organelles in the production and release of enzymes by animal cells.

Do not include details of transcription in your answer. (5)

1. Golgi modifies, labels and transports proteins

2. Vesicles transport proteins to cell membrane

3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and glycoproteins

4. Mitochondria provide ATP for protein synthesis

5. Nucleus contains DNA for polynucleotide production