ToL Exam 2 Study Guide

What type of conditioning is easily learned adn highly resistant to extinction?

taste aversion

Conditioning to a specific stimulus becomes difficult or impossible as a result of prior conditioning to another stimulus is called what?

blocking

What are the three explanations for blocking?

rescorla-wagner model, biological explanation, conditioning as a biological adaptation

What theory’s defining characteristics is its attention to biology and genetics as sources of explanation for human learning and behavior?

evolutionary psychology

What are learned responses that are a part of the organisms repertoire

autoshaping

Pecking among pigeons, as a pigeon will always peck no matter what is an example of what?

autoshaping

What refers to the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive and unlearned behaviors?

instinctive drift

What are limitation on learning that result from biological factors not experience?

biological constraints

What is the study of the biological determination of social behavior among all species?

sociobiology

Among humans what is a biologically based characteristic ordained by years of successful evolution?

altruism

What procedure is where individuals are given information about their biological functioning so that they may train and control their functioning?

biofeedback

What is a specific kind of feedback that involves neurological functioning?

neurofeedback

What area of the brain is responsible for basic physiological functions like respiration and heart rate?

hindbrain

Where are the nerve fibers associated with movement located?

midbrain

What depends on the formation of connections among neurons in the brain?

learning

What enters the brain through our senses?

information

Whose theory said that mental processes are what happens between the stimulus and the response?

Hebb’s theory

What are specialized cells whose function is to transmit impulses in the form of electrical and chemical changes?

neruons

What says repeated transmission of impulses between two neurons leads to permanent facilitation of transmission between these cells = learning?

Hebb’s rule

Neural cells may be reactivated repeatedly because of their own activity, causing a circular pattern of firing called —

cell assembly

If a number of related cell assemblies are active at the same time, they will become linked in a —

phase sequence

What refers to the capacity of the organism to react to external stimuli?

reactivity

What is the property of the organisms that allows it to change as function of repeated stimulation?

plasticity

What leads to long-term depression (LTD)?

habituation

What leads to long-term potentiation (LTP)?

sensitization

What refers to selectivity among responses?

set

What refers to selectivity among input?

attention

Who believed that all behavior has purpose and that all actions are directed toward some goal by cognitions?

Tolman

What are the four main themes of Purposive Behaviorism?

behavior is purposive, behavior is cognitive, reinforcement establishes and confirms expectancies, purposive behavior is molar

Learning in Purposive Behaviorism involves the development of ——?

cognitive maps

What type of learning provides an important way of studying learning?

maze learning

What is a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology?

Gestalt psychology

Who observed problem-solving abilities in apes and said that they used insight not trial and error learning?

Wolfgang Kohler

Solving a problem by perceiving relationships among all the important elements of the situation?

insight

What requires a mental reorganization of problems, elements, and recognition of the correctness of the new organization?

insightful thinking

What is “whole” in German

gestalt

What is the act of completing a pattern?

closure

What is the tendency to perceive things as continuous?

continuity

What is defined as the tendency toward symmetry or toward a toning down of the peculiarities of a particular pattern?

leveling

What is defined as the tendency to emphasize the distinctiveness of a pattern?

sharpening

The most important topics of —- —- is that they presuppose mental representation and information processing

cognitive psychology

Who suggests that the representational systems children use as they develop closely parallel the history of human intervention?

Bruner

What are the three types of mental representation?

enactive, iconic, symbolic

Which type of representation is defined as inventions that amplify intellectual capacities

symbolic representation

What is defined as a group of related objects or events?

category

What is essential to systematic reasoning?

All —- also involve classifying

decisions

What sytems are heirarchical arrangements or related categories?

coding systems

What involves discovering the attributes that may be useful in distinguishing between members and on-members of the class?

concept attainment

Who had a developmental-cognitive position?

Jean Piaget

What do we call processes by which children achieve a progressively more advanced understanding of their environements and of themselves

developmental

Which stage of play is associated with children believing the rules come from God and cannot be changed?

Stage 2 (3-5 yrs)

The ability to imitate things and people not immediately present is called what?

deferred imitation

Whose theory looked at the process by which children achieve a progressively more advanced understanding of their environment and of themselves?

Piaget

What involves responding to using previous learning?

assimilation

What is defined as changes in behavior in response to environmental demands?

accomodation

Intuitive problem solving, egocentrism, reliance on perception and absence of conservation is a part of what cognitive stage of development?

Intuitive (4-7 yrs)

Abstract relations and the hypothetical nature of thought are a part of what cognitive stage of development?

Formal Operations (after 11-12 yrs)

Whose theory emphasized how culture and social interaction are involved with the development of human consciousness?

Vygotsky

What is fundamentally involved in the development in cognition?

social interaction

What are the stages of language and conceptual development?

social speech, egocentric speech, inner speech

What are the unifying themes of cultural/cognitive theory?

role of culture and language, zone of proximal development

What is defined as the relationship between learner/teacher or parent/child, it is what the child can do with help from another but not on their own.

zone of proximal growth

What is defined as various types of support teachers/parent provide children if they are able to learn?

scaffolding

What is defined as models, procedures, devices, or mechanism intended to stimulate of duplicate some of the intelligent functions of human mental activity?

artificial intelligence

What is the reason why people might want to make a smarter computer?

frees people to move on to more marvelous things, clarify questions about human cognitive processes

What is something that computers cannot do for humans?

recognition tasks, reasoning where insight and fuzzy logic are involved

What is slower, a brain or computer?

brain

What can store more information, brain or computer?

brain

What are the approaches to the computer-based study of human cognitive processes?

symbolic and connectionist models

What are the ways learning might occur in a neural network?

new connections develop, old connects lost, probability that one unit will activate another might change

What is logic that is relativistic, considers a variety of factors, and has a not entirely predictable probability of being correct?

fuzzy logic

What is it called when computers appear to work more like brains doing many things simultaneously?

parallel distributed processing

What assumes that knowledge can be represented symbolically and manipulated with rules?

symbolic model

According to the Connectionist model, what are two kinds of learning?

explicit and implicit