Chapter 12 Overview of Fungi, Protists, and Animal Kingdoms\

Mycology

the study of Fungi

Chemoheterotrophic

organisms that obtain nutrients by absorption after secreting enzymes

Saprophyte

organisms that feed off of dead/decaying matter

Cellulose and Chitin

components found in the cell walls of fungi

Known Species of Fungi

approx. 100,000 known species

Pathogens in Fungi

approx. 100 species are pathogens that produce disease

Multicellular Fungi

most fungi are multicellular

Hyphae

multicellular filaments that can be septate or non-septate

Mycelium

a group of hyphae forming a filamentous network

Aerial Hyphae

a filament that extends outward from the mycelium

Fruiting Body

a spore producing structure

Mycorrhizae

symbiotic fungi that help plant roots absorb minerals and water

Spores

most fungi produce spores

Yeast Reproduction

yeast reproduce via budding

Optimal pH for Fungi

many fungi grow best in an acid environment (pH 4-6)

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar

a media that is selective for fungi; has a low pH and high sugar content

Mycosterols

sterols found in the plasma membrane of fungi

Dimorphic Fungi

fungi whose shape depends on environmental or nutritional factors

Superinfection

the growth of an organism (pathogen) that is resistant to an antimicrobial agent

Dermatophytes

cutaneous mycoses that affect the skin

Tinea Capitus

ringworm of the scalp

Tinea Pedis

athlete's foot

Tinea Cruris

jock itch

Histoplasma capsulatum

a dimorphic fungi associated with Histoplasmosis

Coccidiodes immitis

a dimorphic fungi associated with Coccidiomycosis

Lichens

a combination of a fungus and algae (or cyanobacterium)

Algae

Most are aquatic photoautotrophs that lack the tissue specialization found in plants and exhibit many different body plans (i.e. unicellular, filamentous, multicellular).

Dinoflagellates

Certain dinoflagellates are associated with the red tide, producing a neurotoxin which kills fish and mammals.

Protozoa

Heterotrophs that are unicellular and most are motile, with many types of reproductive strategies.

Trophozoite

The vegetative form of protozoa.

Cyst

A resistant survival stage of protozoa.

Entamoeba histolytica

Causes Amebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis), spread via contaminated water or food (fecal-oral), leading to bloody diarrhea and dehydration.

Cyst (in Entamoeba histolytica)

The resistant form that can be defecated and ingested by another animal, resistant to stomach acids.

Plasmodium spp.

Causes Malaria, characterized by periods of fever, chills, headache, and vomiting, transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.

Malaria

One of the most common diseases and causes of mortality, with a complex life cycle and antibiotic-resistant forms.

Trichomonas vaginalis

An anaerobic protozoan that causes Trichomoniasis, an STD associated with irritation and yellow discharge.

Trichomoniasis

Disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, characterized by greenish/yellow discharge and foul odor.

Animals (Kingdom Animalia)

Multicellular organisms that are usually motile and heterotrophic by ingestion.

Helminths

Parasitic worms with complex system development, often transmitted in an encysted (egg) form.

Tapeworm

Adult worm that lives in the intestinal tract, with eggs excreted in host feces.

Cysticerci

Stage of tapeworm found in animal muscles, associated with undercooked meat.

Taenia saginata

Beef tapeworm.

Taenia solium

Pork tapeworm.

Pinworms

Organism Enterobius vermicularis that migrates outside of the anus to lay eggs, causing itching.