BSC1005 CHAPTER 1-6 FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Characteristic of life

life is organized and is arranged in a hierarchy of structures within structures

Characteristic of life

Life requires constant energy stream to stay organized

Characteristic of life

Life maintains internal constancy

Characteristic of life

Life reproduces, grows, and develops (sexual, asexual reproduction)

Characteristic of life

Life evolves (natural selection)

Organ

A collection of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions

Organism

A living thing

Population

A group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time

Community

All populations that occupy the same region

Ecosystem

The living and nonliving components of an area

Biosphere

The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible

The _____ level is considered the structural and functional unit of all living things.

cell

Autotroph

extracts energy and nutrients from nonliving environment (producers)

Autotroph examples

plants and some microbes

Heterotroph

Eats other organisms for nutrients, consumer

Heterotroph example

humans and other animals

Sexual reproduction

genetic material from 2 individuals unite to form unique offspring

Asexual reproduction

organism produces offspring virtually identical to itself

Natural selection

enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals from a population based on favorable inherited characteristics

Natural selection leads to _____

Evolution

Evolution

change in genetic makeup of a population over time

Domain

largest taxonomic category

Kingdom

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

Phylum

a group of closely related classes

Class

Group of similar orders

Which Domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

Archaea, Bacteria

Within Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Within Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Fungi

Within Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Within Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae

Scientific method step 1

Observe a question or an unexplained occurrence in the natural world

Scientific method step 2

Develop a hypothesis to explain the problem

Scientific method step 3

Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis

Scientific method step 4

Analyze and interpret data to reach a conclusion

Scientific method step 5

Share new knowledge with the scientific community

How does sample size relate to experimental setup and design?

greater number of individuals = more data points

Hypothesis

An educated guess

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

What elements make up the bulk of living organisms?

CHNOPS: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur

How does the structure of an atom relate to the types of chemical bonds it will typically form?

The amount of valence electrons and their distance from the nucleus determines this

Ionic bond

atom gives electron to another atom

Covalent bonds

2 atoms share electrons

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

What are the CHEMICAL properties of water that arise from the fact that it is a polar molecule?

Partial positive charges on hydrogen are attracted to the partial negative charge on oxygen

What are the PHYSICAL properties of water that arise from the fact that it is a polar molecule?

Water is cohesive with itself and adhesive to other surfaces and resists temp changes

Acidic solution

pH less than 7, greater H+ concentration

Basic solution

pH greater than 7, greater OH- concentration

Organic biomolecule class

carbohydrates

Organic biomolecule class

lipids

Organic biomolecule class

proteins

Organic biomolecule class

nucleic acids

Monomer of PROTEINS

amino acids

Monomer of NUCLEIC ACIDS

nucleotides

Monomer of LIPIDS

glycerol and fatty acids

Monomer of CARBOHYDRATES

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Monomers are TAKEN APART via _______.

hydrolysis

Monomers are PUT TOGETHER via _______.

dehydration synthesis

Role of PROTEINS in living organisms

transport, storage, structure, contraction, antibodies, enzymes

Role of GLUCOSE in living organisms

ready source of energy

Role of STARCH in living organisms

energy storage

Role of CELLULOSE in living organisms

structural cell support

Role of CHOLESTEROL in living organisms

lipid creation, cell membrane constitution

All cells have proteins that __________.

carry out cellular work

All cells have RNA that ________.

participates in producing proteins

All cells have ribosomes that _________.

manufacture proteins

________ is present in all cells.

Cytoplasm

________ is present in all cells.

DNA

All cells have a cell _______.

membrane

All cells are small in size.

true

All cells reflect common evolutionary history.

true

Prokaryotic cells have no ______.

membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic cells have no ______.

nucleus

Eukaryotic cells are _____ than prokaryotic cells.

10-100x larger

Water is both ________ and _________

cohesive and adhesive

Water can ________ a wide variety of solutes.

dissolve

Water can _____ in temperature.

resist changes

Water _________ in chemical reactions.

precipitates

What is the STRUCTURE of the cell membrane?

phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout, fluid mosaic model

The cell membrane ______ cytoplasm from the external enviroment.

separates

The cell membrane is responsible for ________ in and out of the cell.

transportation of substances

The cell membrane _________.

receives and responds to external stimuli

Cell walls give cells _____ and ______.

shape, structural support

Smooth ER function

lipid synthesis, poison and drug detoxification

Smooth ER structure

Membrane network free of ribosomes

Rough ER function

synthesis of proteins to exit the cell

Rough ER structure

Membrane network studded with ribosomes

Lysosome structure

single membrane sac containing digestive enzymes

Lysosome function

Dismantles and recycles components of food, debris, captured bacteria, and worn-out organelles

Ribosome structure

Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins

Ribosome function

location of protein synthesis

Mitochondria function

release energy from cellular respiration

Mitochondria structure

outer membrane with a folded, enzyme-studded inner membrane cristae that contains DNA and ribosomes

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted into other forms

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transfers are inefficient, every transformation loses some energy to the surroundings in the form of heat, increasing entropy in the universe

Cells require energy to _____.

maintain a highly organized state

Cells rely on ______ to survive.

ATP

ATP encourages a target molecule to react by _______.

making it chemically unstable

ATP can cause _____.

a protein to move

Exergonic reaction

releases energy, breaks apart large, complex molecules