english final (isms + grammar)

puritanism

total depravity: all is born with sin

unconditional election: chosen ones (the elect) were alr picked by God to go to heaven, not chosen by actions

limited atonement: only limited ppl could be forgiven

famous authors: Johnathan Edwards, Edward Taylor

rationalism/colonialism

a reaction to the end of puritanism, valued reason over superstition

famous authors: Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry, John Locke

romanticism

a reaction against rationalism, thought that it stripped emotions away. ppl wanted to reconnect with nature bc the Industrial Revolution turned rural areas into urban cities

famous authors: Edgar Allen Poe, Walt Whitman, William Bryant, Washington Irving (rip van winkle)

transcendentalism

similar to romanticism, but focuses more on the spiritual connection of humans and nature

famous authors: Henry Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Ralph Emerson,

realism

emphasizes everyday life, how the world really is without exaggeration (rejects romanticism), and harsh realities

home vs hone

home: move toward something (home in on a target)

hone: to sharpen (skills/knife)

which is right?: Giant’s baseball vs Giants baseball

Giants baseball is correct because it’s a type of baseball team

which is right?: 1950s music vs 1950’s music

1950s music is correct bc it’s a type of music. there’s no possession involved, which is what apostrophes are used for

which is right?: (Tian is family last name)

“We are going to the Tian’s house for dinner.” VS

“We are going to the Tians’ house for dinner.”

Tians’ is correct. make the word plural first, then add the possession

which is right?:

“This is Chris’s pencil” VS

“This is Chris’ pencil”

Chris’s is correct. if you say the “s” when you pronounce it, then put the s there

which is right?:

“I love music from the 80’s”

“I love music from the ‘80s”

“I love music from the 80s’"

‘80s (2nd option) is correct bc the apostrophe is there for the missing numbers, not for possession

farther vs further

farther: literal distance that can be measured

further: abstract distance that can’t be physically measured

strive vs drive

strive is only a verb, drive is a noun (and a verb for driving a car)

ex: striving to success vs the drive to succeed

phase vs faze

phase: a period/stage

faze: to disturb someone

apart vs a part

apart: being away from something

a part: a piece of something

lie

lie → lay → had lain

lay

lay → laid → had laid

active vs passive voice

active: the subject acts up on smth

passive: the subject is acted upon

is this active or passive?:

“Anissa was cured by the medicine”

passive. active would be:

“The medicine cured Anissa.”

is this active or passive?:

“Pragya helps Ella study.”

active. passive would be:

“Ella’s studying is helped by Pragya.”

what ism is used in this passage?:

The evening sky blazed with colors, and the wind sang through the trees. I felt a deep connection to the earth, as if the leaves were speaking to my soul.

romanticism bc of the emotion and nature

what ism is used in this passage?:

As I walk through the woods, I feel the universe within me. Every leaf, ever breeze is a reflection of a greater truth, beyond words or reason. I am not just an individual, but part of an infinite whole.

transcendentalism bc it focuses more on spiritual connection w nature

what ism is used in this passage?:

The mind is a powerful tool, capable of understanding the world through reason and logic. As I observe the stars, I seek to understand their patterns through study and mathematical laws.

rationalism bc it’s about logic and reason

what ism is used in this passage?:

The Lord’s will is clear in all things, and I must live my life according to His commandments.

puritanism bc it’s about God

what ism is used in this passage?:

In the market square, people are haggled over vegetables, their voices sharp and tired from hard work. Life is about surviving another day, doing what needs to be done, no matter how exhausting it seems.

realism bc it shows the harsh reality of the world

southern gothic

branch of modernism/post-modernism

resistant to progress, characters r strange/unconventional, violence, outsiders, freakishness (character set apart by oddness), old small towns

• Bastard Out of Carolina

• Midnight in the Garden of Good & Evil

• Streetcar Named Desire

• “A Rose for Emily”

• Beloved

• To Kill a Mockingbird

american modernism

WWI-end of WWII. the wars made ppl not trust the past, embrace the future

loss of innocence, explored wealth of 1920s and the depression of the 1930s

photography as art with emotional purpose

fixation on light (lightness as knowledge/awareness, darkness as blind tradition/ignorance)

theory of relativity in physics (anything is possible)

machines replacing humans

psychology, dream interpretation (Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung)

moving forward and embracing future

stream of consciousness, break from realism, jumps around in time

ppl of modernism

• T.S. Eliot

  • The Wasteland, Four Quartets

• John Steinbeck

  • Of Mice & Men, Grapes of Wrath, East of Eden

• F. Scott Fitzgerald

  • The Great Gatsby

• Zora Neale Hurston

  • Their Eyes Were Watching God

• Ernest Hemingway

  • The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls

• William Faulkner

  • The Sound and the Fury, A Light in August

• Robert Frost

  • “The Road Not Taken”

• Langston Hughes

• Claude McKay

  • Home to Harlem

post-modernism

after WWII, early 1950s

influenced by harsh realities of war, no longer romanticized, holocaust, cold war, nuclear war, Hiroshima, Vietnam war

anti-war movements (hippies)

civil rights movement, women’s equal rights movement, growing diversity

realities (positive and negative) of cultural diversity

rise of machine, lack of humanity, rise of technology, creation of science fiction genre, space race, moon landing

broke grammar rules, no right answers, multiple POVs

sharply divided politics, dystopian literature

Gallows Humor (post-modernism)

irony, playfulness, black humor

intertextuality

pastiche and allusion

pastiche

mixing genres (robot cowboys)

allusion

references to classic textstem

temporal distortion (post-modernism)

non-linear, jumping in time, not bound by rules of reality (sometimes time travel)

magic realism (post-modernism)

the fantastic/surreal among grounded reality

story set in real world, but has magical elements woven

ppl of post-modernsim

• Joseph Heller

  • Catch 22

• J.D. Salinger

  • Nine Stories, Catcher in the Rye

• Kurt Vonnegut

  • Breakfast of Champions, Slaughterhouse Five

• Allen Ginsberg

  • Howl

• Ken Kesey

  • One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest

• Thomas Pynchon

• Maya Angelou

• Alice Walker

• Toni Morrison

• Ta Nehisi Coates