Chapter 17 Finals

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels

a. disappear.

b. do not change.

c. decrease.

d. increase.

d

Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to

a. return to about normal.

b. decrease far below normal.

c. increase far above normal.

d. convert to protein.

a

In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because

a. protein is converted to glucose.

b. the kidneys are not working.

c. too much insulin is released.

d. no insulin is released.

d

In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because

a. no insulin in released.

b. muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.

c. too much insulin is released.

d. the kidneys are not working.

b

In general, the endocrine system has faster results than the nervous system.

a. true

b. false

b

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________.

a. pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly

b. gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

c. acromegaly; gigantism

d. chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism

b

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

a. does not use receptors.

b. may have a longer lasting effect.

c. takes only seconds.

d. is not essential to life.

e. None of these are correct.

b

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of

a. negative feedback inhibition.

b. positive feedback.

c. direct nervous stimulation.

d. All of the choices are correct.

a

Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules of which the primary type are called

a. proteins.

b. steroids.

c. eicosanoids.

d. amines.

c

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

a. conserve sodium and potassium.

b. excrete sodium and conserve potassium.

c. conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

d. develop greater filtering ability.

e. excrete sodium and potassium.

c

Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are ___________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are ___________ chemical messengers.

a. autocrine, merocrine

b. merocrine, autocrine

c. paracrine, autocrine

d. autocrine, paracrine

d

The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the

a. thymus.

b. thyroid gland.

c. adrenal gland.

d. pancreas.

b

Tropic hormones___

a. block the actions of hormones that endocrine glands secrete.

b. stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

c. only function in the tropics.

d. function in only one sex.

e. function only under certain environmental conditions.

b

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid.

1. TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4.

2. TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.

3. TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.

4. Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion.

1. false

2. true

3. true

4. true

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

a. posterior pituitary.

b. anterior pituitary.

c. hypothalamus.

d. cerebrum.

e. thalamus.

c

Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells.

a. binding

b. balance

c. synthesis

d.elimination

d

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes.

2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes.

3. Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes.

4. Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production.

5. Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin.

6. Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people.

7. Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20.

1. false

2. true

3. true

4. false

5. true

6. true

7. false

Secretion of insulin causes

a. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

b. a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose.

c. an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

d. an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.

a

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is

a. melatonin.

b. myostatin.

c. melanoma.

d. beta endorphin.

e. pinealin.

a

Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone?

a. Biogenic amine

b. Steroid hormone

c. Peptide hormone

b

The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.

a. true

b. false

b

One of the primary effects of glucagon in raising blood glucose is glycogenolysis.

a. true

b. false

a

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

a. neurosecretory cells.

b. neuroglia.

c. neurons.

d. neuromuscular cells.

e. neuroendocrine cells.

a

Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone?

a. ACTH

b. GnRH

c. GHIH

d. CRH

c

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.

a. pancreas

b. parathyroid gland

c. adrenal gland

d. thyroid gland

e. pineal gland

d

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the

a. kidney.

b. posterior pituitary.

c. cerebellum.

d. anterior pituitary.

e. hypothalamus.

b

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4.

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion.

2. T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles.

3. T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells.

4. T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin.

1. true

2. true

3. false

4. true

What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood?

a. Humoral stimulation

b. Hormonal stimulation

c. Paracrine stimulation

d. Nervous stimulation

a

Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?

a. Prolactin-releasing factor

b. Thyrotropin

c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

d. Follicle-stimulating hormone

e. Growth hormone

d

_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors.

a. Water-soluble; water-soluble

b. Water-soluble; lipid-soluble

c. Lipid-soluble; lipid-soluble

d. Lipid-soluble; water-soluble

d

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.

a. decrease; increase

b. increase; decrease

c. increase; increase

d. decrease; decrease

b

Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones.

a. paracrine

b. steroid

c. protein

d. eicosansoid

c

__________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind to cellular receptors.

a. Unbound (free)

b. Autocrine

c. Bound

d. Eicosanoid

a

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

a. prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.

b. prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

c. signals from antagonistic hormone products.

d. signals from the posterior pituitary.

b

A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a

a. short half-life.

b. no half-life.

c. long half-life.

d. whole life.

c

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

a. protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions

b. regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes hormones

c. molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has d. receptors for specific hormones

molecule; a cell that does not have receptors.

e. None of these are correct.

c

The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________.

a. posterior; thyroid cartilage

b. inferior; isthmus

c. lateral; parathyroid

d. superior; follicle

b

The adrenal medulla secretes

a. glucocorticoids.

b. aldosterone.

c. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

d. androgens.

c

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

a. Pancreas

b. Thyroid gland

c. Pineal gland

d. Liver

e. Anterior pituitary

a

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

a. hypothalamus.

b. posterior pituitary gland.

c. anterior pituitary gland.

d. testes.

e. thyroid gland.

c

The pancreas is mostly composed of groups of cells called

a. pancreatic islets.

b. pancreatic acini.

c. alpha groups.

d. beta groups.

b

An up-regulated cell has an increase in

a. the number of nuclei.

b. the number of molecules the cell secretes.

c. the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors.

d. the amount of DNA in the nucleus.

e. the number of receptors available for binding

`e

The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete

a. glucagon.

b. insulin.

c. somatostatin.

d. pancreatic polypeptide.

a

Hormones display _____________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later.

a. antagonistic

b. All of the choices are correct.

c. permissive

d.None of the choices are correct.

e. synergistic

c

The parathyroid glands are located on the ____________ surface of the thyroid gland.

a. lateral

b. posterior

c. anterior

d. inferior

b