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Formal Charge
# of valence electrons - bonds - dots
alcohols
ROH, at the end of carbon chain
Ethers
ROR, in the middle of carbon chain
aldehydes
RCHO, at the end of carbon chain
ketones
RCOR, in the middle of carbon change
Carboxylic acids
RCOOH, at the end of carbon chain
esters
RCOOR, in the middle of carbon chain
amines
R3N
1 carbon
methane
2 carbons
ethane
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane
5 carbons
pentane
6 carbons
hexane
7 carbons
heptane
8 carbons
octane
9 carbons
nonane
10 carbons
decane
Figuring out lewis structure
1) Central atom (less electronegative except H)
2) Draw bonds around central atom
3) total # valence electrons
4) Distribute them around terminal atoms (except H)
5) Octet rule!
6) Formal charge to minimize charge and obey octet rule