Psyc 4008 Exam 4 Baumeister LSU

What is methodological behaviorism?

Philosophical position that considers behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed to be outside the realm of the science

What is psychological behaviorism?

•Psychology is the science of behavior

•The determinants of behavior are external to the organism

•Behavior is learned

What is logical (philosophical) behaviorism?

•Philosophy about the semantics of mental concepts

•Mental concepts are completely translatable into behaviors

Who is associated with classical conditioning (AKA S-S associationism and stimulus substitution)?

Pavlov

Who studied brain-mediated (as opposed to spinal) reflexes?

Pavlov

What are the differences between Pavlov's classical conditioning and Thorndike's trial and error?

Thorndike believed classical conditioning was a narrow type of passive associative learning. It was limited to elicited reflexes and the response doesn't change; stimulus that elicits the response changes. ØThorndike expands the concept of passive associative learning beyond elicited reflexes to emitted behavior

And he introduces the idea that the consequence of behavior (e.g., satisfaction) is import. The main difference between these two theories was that Thorndike included rewarding situations in his theory, whereas Pavlov studied only reflex responses to stimuli.

Pavlov originally used the term "psychic secretions" to explain that the salivation was due to the physiological power of the digestive system through nervous input.

Psychic Secretions- Pavlov

time between application of a stimulus and the beginning of a response in a muscle fiber. the interval time from the beginning of the conditioned stimulus to the onset secretion

latent period- Pavlov

A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli.

experimental neurosis- Pavlov

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Extinction (Pavlov)

What were the contributions of British Empiricism to behaviorism?

ØBritish empiricists believed all knowledge derives from experience (empiricism)

ØBehaviorists apply the idea to behavior: all behavior derives from experience (environmentalism)

ØBritish empiricists believed that complex ideas were formed passively by compounding simple ideas through association

ØBehaviorists apply the idea of association to stimuli/response relations and compounding of simple behavior to form complex behavior

ØA school of philosophy founded by Augusta Comte (1798-1857); coined the term positivism

ØThe only source of indubitable knowledge is objective observation

ØAlso, behaviorists get from Comte:

•Emphasis on the utility of science ("Know in order to predict")

•A rejection of introspection as impossible:

"In order to observe [introspect] your intellect must pause from activity; yet it is this very activity that you want to observe. If you cannot affect that pause, you cannot observe; if you do affect it, there is nothing to observe." (Comte 1896)

Comte's Positivism

The positivists propose the verification theory of meaning: "The meaning of a statement is the method of its verification" AKA the verification principle the central thesis of logical positivism

Comte's Verification of Theory of Meaning

•"Know in order to predict"

•Comte classified knowledge on the basis of observation of scientific or positive level of human thinking. The main aim of the classification of science by Comte is to prepare the background and basis for the study of society, Sociology, a science invented by him. On this also he determined the methodology of sociology.

Comte's Emphasis on the Utility of Science

"In order to observe [introspect] your intellect must pause from activity; yet it is this very activity that you want to observe. If you cannot affect that pause, you cannot observe; if you do affect it, there is nothing to observe." (Comte 1896)

Comte's Rejection of Introspection

Who contributed maze learning?

John Watson

Who is the father of behaviorism?

John Watson

What did John Watson's behaviorist manifesto state?

1)Psychology is a science of behavior

2)Its goal is to predict and control behavior

3)No need to consider conscious/mental/organismic concepts

4)Behavior is determined by the environment (environmentalism)

John Watson's emphasis on classical conditioning

Emphasized Pavlov's classical conditioning as the mechanism of learning.

Watson believed that emotional responses were initially innate UCRs elicited by a limited rage of stimuli

As development progresses, the responses were "called out" by other stimuli through classical conditioning

Demonstrated this in "little Albert" study

Watson's view on the importance of animal research and phylogenetic continuity

Watson puts learning front and center in psychology and he emphasizes phylogenetic continuity.

"On account of its bearing upon human training, learning in animals is probably the most important topic in the whole study of behavior"

Watson's view on thinking

Øhe thought mental events could be reduced to physical correlates

•Thought is subvocal speech that is manifest in laryngeal movement

•Feeling is reflected in glandular activity

ØAlso, verbal reports could be legitimate data if they were treated as mere behavior

Watson's work on advertising

Watson was a pioneer in using classical conditioning in advertising campaigns so that consumers would associate emotional responses with particular consumer products

Watson's position on innate capacities

ØWatson recognized certain innate capacities (instincts) that "belong to the original and fundamental nature of man"

ØTypes of instincts:

•Simple reflexes (e.g., crying, crawling, sucking)

•Emotions (fear, rage, and love)

ØThought instincts are most important in early life, they are quickly displaced by learned responses; and learned behavior is often mistaken for instinct

Watson's work on counter conditioning and systematic desensitization

ØWatson reasons that if emotional responses can be conditioned then they can be unconditioned (unlearned)

ØWith a student (Mary Cover Jones)

•Studied child with fear of rabbits

•Gave child food

•Placed rabbit long distance from child

•Gradually moved rabbit close to child

•Fear dissipated

ØThis is the beginning of techniques of counter conditioning and systematic desensitization

What is neobehaviorism?

1) "new" behaviorism/behaviorism after Watson (excluding Skinner), 2) interest in organismic/intervening variables (S-O-R formulation) 3) operational definition

What is Guthrie known for?

1) contiguity (co-occurrence of S and R) necessary and sufficient for learning 2) learning occurs in one trial, 3) reinforcement not necessary for learning 4) forgetting does not occur

What is Tolman known for?

Purposive behaviorism, molar behavior, intervening variables, place learning

Hull: Hypnosis

Hull was probably the first psychologist to approach hypnosis with the quantitative methodology customarily used in experimental psychology. This combination of experimental methods and the phenomena provided by hypnosis yielded many appropriate topics for experimental problems by his students

What is Hull known for?

Reaction potential (probability of a response) is determined by habit strength times drive

What is Skinner known for?

NOT a neobehaviorist

Neobehaviorism vs radical (Skinnerian) behaviorism 1) neobehaviorists interested in theory 2) neobehaviorists interested in intervening variables and hypothetical constructs 3) neobehaviorists employ subjective/organismic phenomena (e.g., Tolman's "expectancy" in explanations of behavior

What is Walden known for?

1) utopian behavioral society 2) pervasive system of reward for desirable behavior 3) society controlled by behavioral engineers 4) depicted in literature and media as an oppressive authoritarian nightmare

a change in the probability of behavior in the presence of a stimulus

Stimulus control

rules that govern presentation or withdrawal of the reinforcing stimulus

Schedule of reinforcement

What was Kirkbride known for?

designer of mental hospitals

Moral therapy

Humane care for mentally ill

Moral therapy abandoned circa 1900 due to ____

hospital overcrowding

Who was Dorthea Dix?

advocate for construction of mental hospitals

Asylum era

growth of state mental hospital beginning circa 1830

After the growth of state mental hospitals in 1830, mental hospitals fill up and become overcrowded, possibly due to ______

an increase in mental illness e.g., schizophrenia (the "recency hypothesis")

Overcrowding in the 1900's leads to abandonment of ______

moral therapy; mental hospital revert to custodial care

Mental hospitals circa 1900s

mental hospitals in crisis due to overcrowding; beginning of efforts to reform mental hospitals

Who was Clifford Beers?

advocate for mental hospital reform; Wrote A Mind that Found itself, leader of Mental hygiene movement

What did Grimes believe about mental hospitals?

1930s says mental cannot be reformed and, therefore should be closed; proposed parole, foster care and community clinics; the beginning of the deinstitutionalization movement

What was the state of mental hospitals circa 1960?

the 100 year trend of rising hospital populations suddenly reverses; mental hospitals begin to close (deinstitutionalization)

Deinstitutionalization often attributed to _____ but was really caused by _____

Thorazine; a shift in public policy

Relative to psychosis, neuroses are ______

minor mental illnesses

Interests in neuroses begins with _____

Cheney's book "The English Malady"

When did neurologists begin to study and treat neurosis

the 1800s

What did Charcot do?

used hypnosis to diagnose and treat hysteria; eventually leads to idea that neuroses have a psychological cause (i.e., are psychogenic)

History of hypnosis:

invented by Mesmer (AKA Mesmerism); Baird and Neurypnology

Who was Beard?

neurologist who invents neurasthenia, nervous exhaustion due to stress associated with advance civilization

What did Weir Mitchell do?

rest cure for neuroses; mentioned in famous short story "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?

Freud

Who studied hysteria with Charcot, may have gotten the idea that neurosis is caused by childhood sexual trauma from Charcot

Freud

What did Freud publish with Breuer?

"Studies on hysteria", contains famous case study of Anna O, introduced the cathartic method; the beginning of psychoanalytic movement

Freud's theory was not accepted by _______

medical greats in Vienna

individual psychology; inferiority complex

Alder

analytical psychology; collective unconscious; word association

Jung