Biology Unit 3 Test 2

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Name 4 functions of the circulatory system

1. carries substances around the body
2. carries oxygen from the lungs to the body
3. carries waste to the kidneys
4. carries additional calories to the liver and fat tissue for storage

What are the 4 chambers of a 4 chambered heart

2 atria-recieving chambers

2 ventricle-pumping chambers

Describe the pulmonary circuit system

Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart through the lungs and to be supplied with oxygen

Describe the systematic circuit system

Takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and then back to the heart

Describe cardiac circulation

Blood circulates throughout the heart

Name the 7 main components of the heart

Atria, Ventricles, Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary Vein, Pulmonary Artery, Septum

Describe the left atria

A collecting chamber, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps it into left ventricle

Describe the right atria

A collecting chamber, receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Describe the left ventricle

Thick muscular chamber, pumps blood to the body

Describe the right ventricle

Thick muscular chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

What is the purpose of the bicuspid valve

regulates flow between the left atria and left ventricle

what is the purpose of the tricuspid valve

regulates flow between the right atria and right ventricle

What is the purpose of the aortic valve

regulates flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

Describe the aorta

largest artery of the body, carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Describe the septum

Muscular wall of the heart that divides into two halves

Describe the pulmonary vein

returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, only vein in the body to carry oxygenated blood

Describe the pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, only artery in the body to carry deoxygenated blood

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels

Arteries, veins, capillaries

Describe arteries

Any blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, designed to handle high-blood pressure straight from the heart, thick walled, strong, elastic

what are the 3 layers of arteries

outer: connective tissue and elastic fibers

middle: smooth muscle and elastic fibers

inner: single layer of epithelial cells used to reduce friction

What is the name for smaller arteries

arterioles

Roughly how much systematic blood is held in the arteries

30%

What is the name for small veins

venules

Describe veins

blood vessels that return blood to the heart, contain the same 3 layered structure as arteries but are thinner and more flexible, lower blood pressure, higher risk of back flow

what natural occuring thing is in blood to prevent back-flow in veins

venuous blood contains one-way valves which keeps blood going in the right direction

About how much of systematic blood is held in the veins

65%

Describe the capillaries

incredibly small blood vessels that connect the circulatory system to body tissues, one cell thick, small size allows for diffusion of nutrients/gas/wastes

what is responsible for the exchange of waste, nutrients, and gas

capillaries

Describe VASODILATION

When capillaries dilate and allow more blood flow and also bring heat to an area.

Describe VASOCONSTRICTION

When capillaries constrict and allow less blood flow and also prevent heat loss

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

Superior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Bicuspid Valve → Left Ventricle → Aorta →Rest of Body

What two structures are responsible for the cardiac cycle of the heart

Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node

Describe the Sinoatrial Node

the pacemaker, stimulates both atria by producing an electrical impulse. This impulse also reached the atrioventricular node

Describe the Atrioventricular Node

Transmits the impulse, causing the two ventricles to contract.

What is the “lub-dub” sound associated with heartbeats

valves opening and closing in the heart

Name 4 roles of blood

Nutrient transport, immunity, distribution of hormones, waste removal

What are the two elements of blood

plasma and cellular component

Describe plasma

fluid portion of blood, 55%, carries blood cells/nutrients/wastes, clear fluid composed of water/dissolved substances/proteins

Describe the cellular component of blood

formed portion, red and white blood cells, 45%

What are the 3 functions of plasma

* transport small molecules and ions
* contains proteins involved in blood clotting
* contains antibodies that are involved in disease fighting

Describe red blood cells

specialized in oxygen transport which is made possible by hemoglobin

What is an erythrocyte

red blood cells

about how many red blood cells do people have per millimeter of blood

4\.5-5.5 million

What are leukocytes

white blood cells

Describe white blood cells

function to protect the body from infections, numbers increase during infection

during infection does the number of white blood cells increase or decrease

increase

what are the two main types of white blood cells and describe each

1. macrophages: phagocytic cells that move out of capillaries and digest foreign materials
2. lymphocytes: Non-phagocytic cells that manufacture anti-bodies that fight infection

Describe platelets

Are not cells but are fragments of bone marrow cells, they play an important role in blood clotting

is blood clotting a positive or negative feedback loop and why

Positive because when there is loss of blood the blood has a system that clots over the leak and stops blood loss. Factors in the blood send out signals to increase clotting and bring more components to the area. This is a positive feedback loop because what is detected causes an increase in what you detected which makes it the opposite of a negative feedback loop

Describe the immune system

Functions to provide the body with the ability to fight infection through the production of antibodies and cells that attack pathogen

How does the immune system help to keep homeostasis

by recognizing and destroying harmful organisms or substances that could possible interfere with human health

What is self vs non-self

our bodies/white blood cells can tell the difference between self and non-self by the proteins on the outside of cells

what is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

the “fingerprint” of proteins on the outside of cells that are identified as "self”

Describe macrophages

general killers that identify non-self and swallow and digest invaders. They can present parts of their victims on their surface to communicate with other immunity parts

Describe lymphocytes

specific immune cells that have a unique random key that will work or not work on the invader. You have millions of different keys to try on the invader.

Describe antibodies

the magic key that can bind to the invader and can block it from being effective and mark it for destruction

Describe antibiotics

chemicals that kill bacteria or stop them from reproducing. Can be made or found in nature

Describe vaccines

parts of the invader, or a weakened form of the invader (usually viruses) that the body can figure out how to kill while not becoming sick from the invader.

why is it important not to take antibiotics

as bacteria and viruses evolve they change and we have to figure out how to fight them off all over again

What is the primary functions of the respiratory system

it is the primary site of gas exchange for the human body

* oxygen required for aerobic respiration diffuses into the human body
* carbon dioxyde which is a byproduct of respiration diffuses out of the body

It is on the inside of the body for protection and to stay moist

Why does the respiratory system have a large surface area

for bulk exchange of gasses

What is the order of the respiratory tract

nasal cavity → Pharynx → Epiglottis → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchiols → Aveoli → Diaphragm

Describe the nasal cavity

Air comes in form the nose and is modified before moving on to more sensitive areas. Hairs and mucus also trap foreignn particles

Describe the pharynx

houses openings for respiratory and digestive systems. Also contains vocal cords

describe the epiglottis

a flap of tissue that moves over when swallowing and covers over the opening to the lungs and covers over the opening to the lungs and vocal cords

describe the trachea

tube that goes down to the lungs. Has cartilage rings in the walls

describe the bronchi

trachea branches into two tubes, one per lung

describe the bronchiols

tubes get smaller and more numerous like branches of a tree

describe the aveoli

elastic cluster of sacs that is the actual site of gas exchange. Thin walls and high vascuralization

describe the diaphragm

the sheet of muscle that lies inferior to the lungs. Moves down to force air into the lungs

What are the two muscular groups used when we breath and describe them

Intercostal muscles: sit between and are attached to the ribs

diaphram: sits inferior to the lungs and seperates the thoracic cavity from the peritoneal space

Describe inhalation

the active phase of breathing, external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, rib cage expands, diaphragm moves down, chest cavity increases in volume which decreases air pressure inside the lungs and air rushes in

describe exhalation

the passive phase of breathing, diaphragm and external intercostals relax, internal intercostals contract pulling the rib cage back to original position, chest cavity becomes smaller increasing the air pressure inside a lunch, air moves out of the lung

What are the different parts of lung capacity

tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume

describe tidal volume

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement. approx 500ml

describe inspiratory reserve volume

the additional volume of air that can be taken in beyond the regular tidal volume

what is the average inspiratory reserve volume for men and women

men = 3.0L

women = 1.9L

describe expiratory volume

the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond regular tidal volume

what is the average expiratory reserve volume for men and women

men = 1.1L

women = 0.7L

Describe vital capacity

the total volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs

what is the formula for vital capacity

IRV + ERV + Tidal Volume

Describe residual volume

the volume of air that cannot be forced out since the lungs never collapse under normal circumstances

How does fitness relate to respiratory health

regular physical activity helps your body make use of the oxygen you breath. Your vital capacity is often a way to measure a person’s fitness level. As your physical fitness improves, your body becomes more efficient at getting oxygen into the bloodstream and transporting it to the working muscles

Name 4 environmental stresses on the respiratory system

cigarette smoke, vaping fumes, allergens, airborne chemicals

What is the difference between pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries

pulmonary veins bring blood back into the heart and the arteries bring blood out of the heart

What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

The oxygenated blood means the blood that is rich in oxygen with very less carbon dioxide. The deoxygenated blood means the blood which is received to the heart and has greater concentration of carbon dioxide as compared to oxygen.

what is the relationship between exercise and heart rate

the higher your heart rate during physical activity, the higher the exercise intensity.

Is our bodies reaction to exercise a sympathetic or parasympathetic response

sympathetic