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Name 4 functions of the circulatory system
carries substances around the body
carries oxygen from the lungs to the body
carries waste to the kidneys
carries additional calories to the liver and fat tissue for storage
What are the 4 chambers of a 4 chambered heart
2 atria-recieving chambers
2 ventricle-pumping chambers
Describe the pulmonary circuit system
Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart through the lungs and to be supplied with oxygen
Describe the systematic circuit system
Takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and then back to the heart
Describe cardiac circulation
Blood circulates throughout the heart
Name the 7 main components of the heart
Atria, Ventricles, Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary Vein, Pulmonary Artery, Septum
Describe the left atria
A collecting chamber, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps it into left ventricle
Describe the right atria
A collecting chamber, receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Describe the left ventricle
Thick muscular chamber, pumps blood to the body
Describe the right ventricle
Thick muscular chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the purpose of the bicuspid valve
regulates flow between the left atria and left ventricle
what is the purpose of the tricuspid valve
regulates flow between the right atria and right ventricle
What is the purpose of the aortic valve
regulates flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Describe the aorta
largest artery of the body, carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body
Describe the septum
Muscular wall of the heart that divides into two halves
Describe the pulmonary vein
returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, only vein in the body to carry oxygenated blood
Describe the pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, only artery in the body to carry deoxygenated blood
What are the 3 main types of blood vessels
Arteries, veins, capillaries
Describe arteries
Any blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, designed to handle high-blood pressure straight from the heart, thick walled, strong, elastic
what are the 3 layers of arteries
outer: connective tissue and elastic fibers
middle: smooth muscle and elastic fibers
inner: single layer of epithelial cells used to reduce friction
What is the name for smaller arteries
arterioles
Roughly how much systematic blood is held in the arteries
30%
What is the name for small veins
venules
Describe veins
blood vessels that return blood to the heart, contain the same 3 layered structure as arteries but are thinner and more flexible, lower blood pressure, higher risk of back flow
what natural occuring thing is in blood to prevent back-flow in veins
venuous blood contains one-way valves which keeps blood going in the right direction
About how much of systematic blood is held in the veins
65%
Describe the capillaries
incredibly small blood vessels that connect the circulatory system to body tissues, one cell thick, small size allows for diffusion of nutrients/gas/wastes
what is responsible for the exchange of waste, nutrients, and gas
capillaries
Describe VASODILATION
When capillaries dilate and allow more blood flow and also bring heat to an area.
Describe VASOCONSTRICTION
When capillaries constrict and allow less blood flow and also prevent heat loss
Describe the flow of blood through the heart
Superior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Bicuspid Valve → Left Ventricle → Aorta →Rest of Body
What two structures are responsible for the cardiac cycle of the heart
Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node
Describe the Sinoatrial Node
the pacemaker, stimulates both atria by producing an electrical impulse. This impulse also reached the atrioventricular node
Describe the Atrioventricular Node
Transmits the impulse, causing the two ventricles to contract.
What is the “lub-dub” sound associated with heartbeats
valves opening and closing in the heart
Name 4 roles of blood
Nutrient transport, immunity, distribution of hormones, waste removal
What are the two elements of blood
plasma and cellular component
Describe plasma
fluid portion of blood, 55%, carries blood cells/nutrients/wastes, clear fluid composed of water/dissolved substances/proteins
Describe the cellular component of blood
formed portion, red and white blood cells, 45%
What are the 3 functions of plasma
transport small molecules and ions
contains proteins involved in blood clotting
contains antibodies that are involved in disease fighting
Describe red blood cells
specialized in oxygen transport which is made possible by hemoglobin
What is an erythrocyte
red blood cells
about how many red blood cells do people have per millimeter of blood
4.5-5.5 million
What are leukocytes
white blood cells
Describe white blood cells
function to protect the body from infections, numbers increase during infection
during infection does the number of white blood cells increase or decrease
increase
what are the two main types of white blood cells and describe each
macrophages: phagocytic cells that move out of capillaries and digest foreign materials
lymphocytes: Non-phagocytic cells that manufacture anti-bodies that fight infection
Describe platelets
Are not cells but are fragments of bone marrow cells, they play an important role in blood clotting
is blood clotting a positive or negative feedback loop and why
Positive because when there is loss of blood the blood has a system that clots over the leak and stops blood loss. Factors in the blood send out signals to increase clotting and bring more components to the area. This is a positive feedback loop because what is detected causes an increase in what you detected which makes it the opposite of a negative feedback loop
Describe the immune system
Functions to provide the body with the ability to fight infection through the production of antibodies and cells that attack pathogen
How does the immune system help to keep homeostasis
by recognizing and destroying harmful organisms or substances that could possible interfere with human health
What is self vs non-self
our bodies/white blood cells can tell the difference between self and non-self by the proteins on the outside of cells
what is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
the “fingerprint” of proteins on the outside of cells that are identified as "self”
Describe macrophages
general killers that identify non-self and swallow and digest invaders. They can present parts of their victims on their surface to communicate with other immunity parts
Describe lymphocytes
specific immune cells that have a unique random key that will work or not work on the invader. You have millions of different keys to try on the invader.
Describe antibodies
the magic key that can bind to the invader and can block it from being effective and mark it for destruction
Describe antibiotics
chemicals that kill bacteria or stop them from reproducing. Can be made or found in nature
Describe vaccines
parts of the invader, or a weakened form of the invader (usually viruses) that the body can figure out how to kill while not becoming sick from the invader.
why is it important not to take antibiotics
as bacteria and viruses evolve they change and we have to figure out how to fight them off all over again
What is the primary functions of the respiratory system
it is the primary site of gas exchange for the human body
oxygen required for aerobic respiration diffuses into the human body
carbon dioxyde which is a byproduct of respiration diffuses out of the body
It is on the inside of the body for protection and to stay moist
Why does the respiratory system have a large surface area
for bulk exchange of gasses
What is the order of the respiratory tract
nasal cavity → Pharynx → Epiglottis → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchiols → Aveoli → Diaphragm
Describe the nasal cavity
Air comes in form the nose and is modified before moving on to more sensitive areas. Hairs and mucus also trap foreignn particles
Describe the pharynx
houses openings for respiratory and digestive systems. Also contains vocal cords
describe the epiglottis
a flap of tissue that moves over when swallowing and covers over the opening to the lungs and covers over the opening to the lungs and vocal cords
describe the trachea
tube that goes down to the lungs. Has cartilage rings in the walls
describe the bronchi
trachea branches into two tubes, one per lung
describe the bronchiols
tubes get smaller and more numerous like branches of a tree
describe the aveoli
elastic cluster of sacs that is the actual site of gas exchange. Thin walls and high vascuralization
describe the diaphragm
the sheet of muscle that lies inferior to the lungs. Moves down to force air into the lungs
What are the two muscular groups used when we breath and describe them
Intercostal muscles: sit between and are attached to the ribs
diaphram: sits inferior to the lungs and seperates the thoracic cavity from the peritoneal space
Describe inhalation
the active phase of breathing, external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, rib cage expands, diaphragm moves down, chest cavity increases in volume which decreases air pressure inside the lungs and air rushes in
describe exhalation
the passive phase of breathing, diaphragm and external intercostals relax, internal intercostals contract pulling the rib cage back to original position, chest cavity becomes smaller increasing the air pressure inside a lunch, air moves out of the lung
What are the different parts of lung capacity
tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume
describe tidal volume
the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement. approx 500ml
describe inspiratory reserve volume
the additional volume of air that can be taken in beyond the regular tidal volume
what is the average inspiratory reserve volume for men and women
men = 3.0L
women = 1.9L
describe expiratory volume
the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond regular tidal volume
what is the average expiratory reserve volume for men and women
men = 1.1L
women = 0.7L
Describe vital capacity
the total volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs
what is the formula for vital capacity
IRV + ERV + Tidal Volume
Describe residual volume
the volume of air that cannot be forced out since the lungs never collapse under normal circumstances
How does fitness relate to respiratory health
regular physical activity helps your body make use of the oxygen you breath. Your vital capacity is often a way to measure a person’s fitness level. As your physical fitness improves, your body becomes more efficient at getting oxygen into the bloodstream and transporting it to the working muscles
Name 4 environmental stresses on the respiratory system
cigarette smoke, vaping fumes, allergens, airborne chemicals
What is the difference between pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins bring blood back into the heart and the arteries bring blood out of the heart
What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
The oxygenated blood means the blood that is rich in oxygen with very less carbon dioxide. The deoxygenated blood means the blood which is received to the heart and has greater concentration of carbon dioxide as compared to oxygen.
what is the relationship between exercise and heart rate
the higher your heart rate during physical activity, the higher the exercise intensity.
Is our bodies reaction to exercise a sympathetic or parasympathetic response
sympathetic
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