Hepatitis Virus Types: Transmission, Prevention, and Clinical Features

What is the primary transmission route for RNA viruses related to hepatitis?

Fecal-oral route, sexually, and IV drug use.

What are the transmission routes for DNA viruses related to hepatitis?

Sexually, IV drug use, and perinatally.

What is a common co-infection with hepatitis C viruses?

HIV

What are some prevention methods for hepatitis A?

Vaccination, handwashing, proper food handling, and post-exposure prophylaxis with HAV vaccine and immune globulin (IG).

What prevention methods are available for hepatitis B?

Vaccination, barrier devices to prevent STIs, clean needles, and post-exposure prophylaxis with HBV vaccine and hepatitis B IG.

What is the status of vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C?

No vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis available.

What is the post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis B?

Defective RNA (requires HBV) and HBV vaccination.

What symptoms might a patient report with hepatitis?

Malaise, fatigue, lethargy, anorexia, muscle/joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and RUQ tenderness.

What physical exam findings are associated with hepatitis?

Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, jaundice, and rash.

What nursing considerations are important for hepatitis A patients?

Most cases are not chronic and often resolve with rest.

What percentage of chronic hepatitis cases can develop into cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer?

15-40%.

What treatments are available for chronic hepatitis?

Antiviral medications such as interferon and direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) like Ribavirin.

What should patients with HBsAg-positive status avoid?

Blood donation.

What is the primary transmission route for hepatitis E?

Fecal-oral route, often through infected water.

What is the common outcome for hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals?

Chronic potential.