Unit 2 Cells and Cell Transport

Microscopes are

the #1 tool in cell biology

microscopes help

the development of the cell theory

the two types of microscopes are?

Electron and Light

Electron microscope views

dead cells

Electron microscopes use

beams of electron and magnets

In electron microscopes what cannot be seen

color

Light microscopes use

light and lenses

light microscopes view

living cells

light microscopes require

a stain to see the color

electron microscopes are

expensive & clear

light microscopes are

blurry and not as zoomed in

specimen are placed on the

stage

what do objective lens do

magnifies the specimen

adjustment knobs are for

focus

Ocular lens does what

magnifies it more (again)

electron beams are used to produce what?

images

magnification and resolution are

higher than a light microscope

all organisms are made up of

one or more

the cell is the

basic unit of life

all cells come from

pre existing cells

Robert Hooke was famous for?

naming cells

Why did Robert call cells cells?

When he looked through the lenses at the cork he saw tiny squares which reminded him of jail cells

Antonie Von Leeuwenhoek was famous for?

looking at a pond of water and identifying cells

Cells can be different shapes but they are limited by-

surface area and volume ratio

cells absorb nutrients through

their membranes

as cells get bigger

surface area gets smaller

a cells membrane represent the cells-

surface area

the cytoplasm and all the organelles represent

the cells volume

surface area formula is

length x width x number of sides

types of prokaryotes

unicellular, circular dna,

prokaryotes have

no embrane bound organelles nor a nucleus

circular dna looks like

a rubber band with double curves

flagella is a tail that turns into

boat propeller

capsules

provide protection from white blood cells

an example of something with a capsule is

salmonella

protein tubes that extend from the membrane enable

attachment to things to help exchange DNA and DNA is in the nucleoid region

prokaryotes do not have

inner membranes

prokaryotes have ribosomes but they are

different from eukaryote ribosomes

how many chromosomes do humans have

46

Eukaryote examples

plants, animals, protists, and fungal cells

Eukaryote cells may be

unicellular or multicellular

membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes have

DNA is in a

nucleus

linear DNA

has a beginning and a end

prokaryotic cells are

unorganised and simple

eukaryotic cells are

organised and complex

circular shape equals

either animal or protists

Endosymbiosis means

to work together

endosymbiosis is a

theory used to explain how eukaryotic cells could have evolved from prokaryotic cells

endo means

inside

sym means

together

bio means

life

endosymbiotic theory means

evidence

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once

free-living bacteria

mitochondria and chloroplasts have

DNA inside the organelle

mitochondria and chloroplasts can

reproduce the same as extant bacteria by binary fission (splits into two)

mitochondria and chloroplasts also have

the same size similar to extent bacteria

mitochondria and chloroplasts are about

the same size as bacteria

plants contain

cell walls,chloroplasts, and large water vacuoles

plants dont have

mitochondria

Animals contain

small vacuoles, and maybe cilia/flagella

animals do not have

cell walls or chloroplasts

the nucleus

contains DNA which are instructions for making proteins

the nucleus has a nuclear membrane made up of

phospholipids

in the inside of the Nucleus it makes

ribosomes

cilia helps push out

mucus

ribosomes do what

turn amino acids into proteins

ribosomes look like

small dots in an electron microscope

ribosomes could be in the

cytoplasm fluid or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

cells that need a lot of protein have a lot of

ribosomes

ribosomes are also found in prokaryotes because

its not surrounded by a membrane

the endomembrane system are also called

multiple organelles

what is a folded membrane inside the cell

the endomembrane system

is the endomembrane system inside prokaryotes

No

How are multiple organelles divided?

by a phospholipid membrane

what are multiple organelles called when divided?

compartments

what does the endoplasmic reticulum membrane do?

twists and folds forming tubes and pockets

endoplasmic reticulum creates

compartiments for many chemical reactions

what are the types of endoplasmic reticulum?

rough and sooth ER

Smooth ER contains

no ribosomes

Smooth ER makes

lipids (steroids)

smooth ER does what

detoxifies drugs and poisons

Lots of smooth ER are located in the

liver

explain why someone with alcohol problems might have liver problems

because smooth ER is stored in the liver your body which breaks down alcohol and other drugs the over usage of the smooth ER can be damaging towards the liver

Rough ER have

ribosomes

ribosomes in rough ER make

proteins that enter the rough ER and are folded before being packaged to leave

What is this image of?

endoplasmic reticulum

what does the Golgi apparatus do?

sends out proteins from the cell to other parts of the body

what is an example of golgi apparatus?

pancreas secretes

Transport Vesicles move unfinished ER products to?

golgi to be processed

some protein need to be folded or have some chemical groups to-

function

what is the function of Golgi apparatus?

package proteins to move to other places

what do secretory vesicles do?

leave the cell

transport vesicles are?

membrane bound spheres that pinch off of ER

lyse means

to split

digestion contain

enzymes

lysosomes do what?

digest old or broken cell organelle and pathogens

vacuoles are?

phospholipid membrane sacs

vacuoles are used as

temporary storages for food, water, and poisons

central vacuole stores?

water and minerals