Neurons & Neuroglia

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

demyelination of neurons in multiple sites
multiple lesion sites in the CNS & Plaque formation

Optic Neuritis (blurring of vision)

first common symptom of MS

at least 2 lesion sites / attacks

requirement for dx of MS

Neurons

capable of impulse transmission

NOT capable of replicating

Brain reaches maturity

when do Neurons stop having ability to replicate

Neuroglia

NOT capable of impulse transmission
capable of replication

Neuroglia

acts as Support System of neurons

Unipolar

type of neuron acc to shape that has cell body and 1 neurite that serves as both Axon and Dendrite

Dorsal Root Ganglion

example of Unipolar neuron

Bipolar

type of neuron acc to shape that has cell body and 2 neurites but have NO SPECIFIC axon and dendrite

Vestibular Nucleus

Cochlear Nucleus

Retinal Cells

examples of Bipolar neuron

Multipolar

most common type of neuron acc to shape

has MANY dendrites with 1 axon

Betzcells

any type w/ mahirap name

example/s of Multipolar neuron

Golgi Type 1

type of neuron acc to size that connects two structures together and is LONG

Golgi Type 2

type of neuron acc to size that connects parts of 1 structure and is SHORT

Betz Cells

example of Golgi Type 1 neuron

largest cells in the Cerebrum
found in the Corticospinal Tract

responsible for Reflexes

where are Betz Cells located and what are they responsible for

Basket

Stellate

Granule

example/s of Golgi Type 2 neurons

Cerebellum!

where are Golgi Type 2 neurons located

Axon

neurite that goes away from cell body, is efferent-motor, usually in descending pathways

Dendrite

neurite that goes toward the cell body, is afferent-sensory, usually in ascending pathways

Corticospinal Tract

example of pathway that is descending

Lat Spinothalamic Tract

example of pathway that is ascending

movement (motor)

what is the Corticospinal Tract responsible for

pain & temperature (sensory)

what is the Lat Spinothalamic Tract responsible for

Oligodendrocytes

neuroglia that produces myelin sheaths in the CNS

it speeds up transmission of impulses

Leaping Conduction: Saltatory Conduction

what type of conduction is produced by oligodendrocytes

Microglial Cells

immune effector cells of the NS that eats viruses

they cannot differentiate between virus and myelin sheaths

False
(if present: very negligible in number)

T/F : microglial cells are present in a normal CNS

Astrocytes

the support system of the NS
replace myelin sheaths but not functional as them

Replacement Gliosis

what is the process in which astrocytes replace myelin sheaths

Linear Transmission (slow)

what type of transmission do astrocytes conduct

Schwann Cells

neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths in the PNS

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

condition that is equivalent of MS in the PNS where it manifests as symmetrical immobility and is self-limiting

Ependymal Cells

neuroglia that directs CSF load

True

T/F: CSF is found in the whole CNS as it goes thru the ventricles

Epstein Barr

most common viral infection that causes demyelination

Na act - close

Na inact - open

K gate - close

at RMP

Na act - open

Na inact - open

K gate - start to open

at Firing Level / Depolarization

Na act - open

Na inact - closed

K gate - fully open

at Overshoot

Na act - close

Na inact - start to open

K gate - still open d/t NaK Pump

at Repolarization

Na act - close

Na inact - open

K gate - start to close

at Hyperpolarization

-70 mV

RMP of Ganong

-90 mV

RMP of Guyton

anencephaly

condition wherer there is failure of closure of anterior neuropores, hence brain will not develop

spina bifida

condition where there is failure of closure of posterior neuropores, hence spinal cord will not develop

Brain

what becomes the anterior neuropore when it closes

Spinal Cord

what becomes the posterior neuropore when it closes

24th - 26th

on what day of gestation does the anterior neuropore start to close

25th - 27th

on what day of gestation does the posterior neuropore start to close

28th day of gestation

when do both anterior and posterior neuropores close fully

follic acid

helps in closure of the posterior neuropore and prevents spina bifida

Posterior fontanelle - becomes Lambda

for fontanelles, which one closes first

Neural Tube

it becomes the CNS; the anterior and posterior neuropores when it closes

Neural Crest

it divides into two and becomes the PNS; the spinal ganglia

Forebrain

Midbrain
Hindbrain

proliferation of cells in the cephalic end of the neural tube will cause it to dilate and form three vesicles namely

Prosencephalon

primary division of the forebrain

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

subdivisions of the forebrain

Cerebrum

Basal Ganglia

Limbic System

adult derivatives of Telencephalon

Thalamus

Epithalamus

Subthalamus

adult derivatives of Diencephalon

Lateral Ventricle

cavity of Telencephalon subdivision

Third Ventricle

cavity of Diencephalon subdivision

Mesencephalon

primary division of the midbrain

Mesencephalon

subdivision of the midbrain

Midbrain

adult derivative of the Mesencephalon

Cerebral Aquedact

cavity of the midbrain

Rhombencephalon

primary division of the hindbrain

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

subdivisions of the hindbrain

Cerebellum

Pons

adult derivative of the Metencephalon

Upper 4th Ventricle

cavity of the Metencephalon

Medulla

adult derivative of the Myelencephalon

Lower 4th Ventricle

cavity of the Myelencephalon

Cerebrum

for interpretation of motor function, sensory, vision, and memory

Bromanns Area

for short term memory

Primary Motor Cortex

BA 4

Premotor Cortex

BA 6

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

BA 312

Somatosensory Association Cortex

BA 57

Basal Ganglia

for initiation of movement

Parkinson’s Disease

condition where there is a lesion in the Basal Ganglia making it hard to initiate movement

Limbic System

(PUCHA) of the Telencephalon division

Parahippocampus

Uncus

Cingulate Gyrus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

PUCHA

Hippocampus

part of the Limbic System for long term memory

Amygdala

part of the Limbic System for sexual arousal

Thalamus

relay station of all sensory stimuli

Olfaction (smell)

Thalamus is the relay station of all sensory stimuli EXCEPT

False

(it is only a pathway/ daanan)

T/F: the Thalamus interprets sensation

Epithalamus

contains the Pineal Gland (the anatomic 3rd eye)

Pineal Gland

produces Melatonin

sleep & sexual arousal
increases at NIGHT

what is Melatonin for

Subthalamus

similar function with Basal Ganglia;

for motor control & movement regulation preventing unwanted movements

Midbrain

responsible for rapid movement of the eyes

Superior Colliculus

particular part in the Midbrain for rapid movement of the eyes

Cerebellum

during movement, it is responsible for refinement

Cerebellum

for coordination, posture, and tone of muscles (HYPOTONIA)

Pons

Medulla

for respiratory function

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

for consciousness

Reticular Activation System

system responsible for consciousness in the midbrain, pons, and medulla

Foramen Magnum

the Medulla becomes the Spinal Cord at what level