Exam 2 ch 7-10

These flashcards encompass key concepts from the muscle and nervous system lectures to aid in review and exam preparation.

What is not a function of muscle tissue according to the lecture?

Vitamin D production

What do smooth muscle and cardiac muscle have in common?

They are both under involuntary control.

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

Calcium ions.

What causes stiffness at death due to actin and myosin being linked?

Lack of ATP.

Which protein is not part of a thin filament?

Myosin.

What type of muscle produces greater tension?

A muscle with 20 motor units active.

Which muscle tissues possess striations?

Both skeletal and cardiac muscle.

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine.

Order the following structures from smallest to largest: myofilament, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fasciculus.

myofilament (2), myofibril (3), muscle fiber (1), muscle fasciculus (4).

What substance is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate muscle contraction?

Calcium.

What does creatine phosphate serve to do?

Supply energy to synthesize ATP.

Why is the neuromuscular junction important?

It forms the synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber.

What structure distributes the command to contract throughout a muscle fiber?

Transverse tubule.

What type of muscle contraction is used when a weight is too heavy to move?

Isometric contraction.

What are some functions of muscle tissue?

Body movement, control the volume of a hollow organ, and heat production.

What are proteins of a thin filament?

Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin.

What is not a function of the nervous system?

Regulates gas control.

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

Cranial nerves.

What part of the neuron generates and conducts action potentials?

Axon.

Which ion flows into a neuron to depolarize it?

Sodium.

Which neuroglial cell is not part of the CNS?

Schwann cell.

What is continuous with the spinal cord?

Brainstem.

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play?

Prepares the body for the 'fight-or-flight' response.

Which cation has the highest intracellular concentration at rest?

Potassium.

What could damage to the cerebellum result in?

Uncoordinated movement.

What triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter after an action potential reaches an axon terminal?

Calcium enters the axon terminal.

What organs are included in the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord.

List the steps of a reflex arc in order.

Receptor → Sensory neuron → Association neuron (control center) → Motor neuron → Effector.

During repolarization of the plasma membrane, which ions diffuse out of the cell?

K⁺ ions.

Which cranial nerves are responsible for moving the eyes?

Oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear nerves.

Identify a neuroglial cell of the CNS.

Astrocyte, Ependymal cell, Oligodendrocyte.

What is the outermost tunic of the eyeball?

Sclera.

What is proprioception?

The sense that tells us which muscles are contracted, joint tension, joint position, and head orientation.

How are sound waves transmitted to the middle ear?

By the tympanic membrane.

Which of the following is not a feature of the retina?

Optic chiasm.

Which extrinsic eye muscle enables the eye to roll and look up?

Inferior oblique muscle.

What is adaptation in terms of sensation?

A decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged stimulation.

What type of vision is functioned by cone cells?

Color vision.

Where are sensory receptors for balance found?

In the semicircular canals.

What regulates the diameter of the pupil?

Iris.

What is accommodation in relation to the lens?

Changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant.

What is the common goal of the endocrine and nervous systems?

To maintain homeostasis.

What is excessive urine production known as?

Polyuria.

Which hormone is derived from cholesterol?

Estrogen.

What is an important second messenger in hormonal action?

cAMP.

What imbalance might be indicated by high metabolic rate and palpitations?

Overactivity of the thyroid gland.

Which hormone leads to increased calcium in the blood?

Parathyroid hormone.

What hormone is lost in diabetes mellitus type 1?

Insulin.

Where do lipid-soluble steroid hormones bind?

Intracellular receptors.

Which pituitary hormone regulates thyroid gland activity?

TSH.

What does the posterior pituitary gland store?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

List the main types of muscle fibers. What are key characteristics for each?

Skeletal: Striated, voluntary, multinucleated; Cardiac: Striated, involuntary, one nucleus, intercalated discs; Smooth: Non-striated, involuntary, one nucleus.

What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?

Calcium binds to troponin, moves tropomyosin, allowing actin and myosin to interact.

What is the first source of ATP in skeletal muscle?

Stored ATP.

How does creatine phosphate contribute to ATP production?

It regenerates ATP quickly.

What process uses glucose without oxygen in ATP synthesis?

Anaerobic glycolysis.

Which ATP production method occurs in mitochondria?

Aerobic respiration.

Name the phases of an action potential.

Resting, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization.

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems control?

Sympathetic: 'Fight or flight'; Parasympathetic: 'Rest and digest'.

What are key differences between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Nervous: Fast, electrical impulses, short-term effects; Endocrine: Slow, hormones in blood, long-term effects.

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin work to maintain calcium balance?

Parathyroid hormone raises blood Ca²⁺; calcitonin lowers it by promoting calcium storage.

What is a reflex?

An automatic, rapid response to stimuli that doesn’t require conscious thought.

List the steps in a reflex arc.

1. Receptor detects stimulus; 2. Sensory neuron sends impulse; 3. Integration center processes info; 4. Motor neuron sends signal; 5. Effector carries out response.

What are the three stages of stress response?

1. Alarm phase; 2. Resistance phase; 3. Exhaustion phase.