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Allies

Military alliance of countries fighting Axis Powers in WWII.

Guernica

1937 bombing of Spanish town by Nazi Germany during the Spanish Civil War.

Rwanda

African country site of the 1994 genocide between Hutus and Tutsis.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

First female prime minister in the world (Sri Lanka).

Americanization

Adoption of American culture, values, and practices by other countries.

Hiroshima

Japanese city destroyed by the first atomic bomb in 1945.

Satellites

Eastern European countries controlled by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Omar al-Bashir

Former president of Sudan associated with authoritarian rule and Darfur conflict.

Amritsar

1919 massacre of Indian protesters by British troops in India.

Holocaust

Nazi genocide of six million Jews and millions of others during WWII.

Salt March

Gandhi’s 1930 protest against British salt tax in India.

Lázaro Cárdenas

Mexican president known for oil nationalization and land reform.

Anschluss

Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria in 1938.

Hutus

Ethnic group in Rwanda involved in the 1994 genocide against Tutsis.

Satyagraha movement

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Neville Chamberlain

British PM known for appeasement before WWII.

Anthropocene

Proposed era defined by human impact on Earth’s environment.

Indian National Congress

Major Indian independence movement organization.

Secretariat

Administrative branch of the United Nations.

Winston Churchill

British PM during WWII.

Apartheid

System of racial segregation in South Africa (1948–1994).

Inflation

Rise in prices and decrease in purchasing power.

Self-determination

Right of nations to choose their own government.

Porfirio Díaz

Mexican dictator before the Mexican Revolution.

Appeasement

Policy of making concessions to aggressor nations.

Iron Curtain

Division between Western and Soviet-controlled Europe.

Sputnik

First artificial satellite launched by the USSR.

Alexander Dubček

Leader of Czechoslovakia’s Prague Spring reforms.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan alliance in WWII.

Janjaweed

Sudanese militia involved in Darfur conflict.

Stalemate

Situation where neither side can win.

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American civil rights leader.

Balfour Declaration

British support for Jewish homeland in Palestine (1917).

Kent State

1970 shooting of student protesters by National Guard.

Third Reich

Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.

Francisco Franco

Dictator of Spain after Spanish Civil War.

Bay of Pigs

Failed U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba (1961).

Khmer Rouge

Cambodian communist regime responsible for genocide.

Tiananmen Square

1989 pro-democracy protests in China.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Assassination triggered World War I.

Berlin Wall

Barrier dividing East and West Berlin.

Knowledge Economy

Economy based on information and technology.

Total War

War involving full mobilization of society.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence movement.

Big Four

Major Allied leaders at 1919 peace talks.

Kyoto Protocol

Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Totalitarian State

Government with total control over society.

Władysław Gomułka

Communist leader of Poland.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group linked to WWI assassination.

League of Nations

Post-WWI international peace organization.

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty ending World War I.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Last leader of the Soviet Union.

Blitzkrieg

Fast German “lightning war” strategy.

Lebensraum

Nazi idea of territorial expansion.

Trench Warfare

WWI combat fought in trenches.

Abimael Guzmán

Leader of Peru’s Shining Path insurgency.

Bolsheviks

Russian revolutionary group led by Lenin.

Liberation Theology

Religious movement focused on social justice.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy alliance.

Adolf Hitler

Dictator of Nazi Germany.

Brexit

UK withdrawal from the European Union.

Long March

Chinese communist military retreat (1934–35).

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia alliance.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Founder of Pakistan.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet policy of intervention in communist states.

Lost Generation

Post-WWI disillusioned writers/youth.

Turkification

Policy promoting Turkish identity.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader during Cold War.

Camp David Accords

1978 Egypt-Israel peace agreement.

Loyalists

Colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Tutsis

Ethnic group targeted in Rwanda genocide.

Chiang Kai-shek

Leader of Nationalist China.

Carbon footprint

Total greenhouse gas emissions of activity.

Lusitania

British ship sunk by Germany in 1915.

U Boats

German submarines used in world wars.

Jomo Kenyatta

First president of Kenya.

Civil Disobedience

Nonviolent refusal to obey unjust laws.

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence.

Vichy

French collaboration government in WWII.

John Maynard Keynes

Economist of Keynesian theory.

Cold War

U.S.-Soviet global conflict.

Manchuria

Chinese region invaded by Japan.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet military alliance.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. civil rights leader.

Communists

Supporters of communism.

Mandate System

League of Nations colonial control system.

Weimar Republic

Germany’s democratic government before Nazis.

F.W. de Klerk

Last apartheid-era South African president.

Conscription

Mandatory military service.

Maquiladora

Mexican export factories.

Weibo

Chinese social media platform.

Wangari Maathai

Kenyan environmental activist.

Containment

U.S. policy to stop communism.

Marshall Plan

U.S. aid to rebuild Europe after WWII.

White Revolution

Iranian modernization reforms.

Douglas MacArthur

U.S. WWII/Korean War general.

Contra

U.S.-backed rebels in Nicaragua.

May Fourth Movement

1919 Chinese anti-imperialist protest.

Young Turks

Ottoman reform movement.

Nelson Mandela

Anti-apartheid leader and president of South Africa.