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Article VI
Often referred to as the Supremacy Clause, it establishes the Constitution and federal laws as the supreme law of the land.
Article I
Establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, comprising the United States Congress, outlining its powers and responsibilities.
Preamble
Introductory statement that sets forth the purposes and goals of the Constitution.
Article V
Outlines the process for amending the Constitution, providing methods for proposing and ratifying amendments.
Article III
Establishes the judicial branch of the federal government, including the Supreme Court.
Article VII
Outlines the process for ratifying the Constitution, requiring ratification by nine states.
Article II
Lays the foundation for the executive branch of the government, including the President and Vice President.
6th Amendment
Ensures the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions, guaranteeing a fair and speedy trial.
15th Amendment
Extends voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous servitude.
25th Amendment
Outlines procedures for presidential succession, disability, and vacancy.
1st Amendment
Protects fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
23rd Amendment
Grants residents of the District of Columbia the right to vote in presidential elections.
10th Amendment
Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.
26th Amendment
Lowers the voting age to 18, enfranchising millions of young Americans.
5th Amendment
Protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy, ensuring due process of law.
22nd Amendment
Imposes term limits on the presidency, limiting individuals to two terms.
2nd Amendment
Guarantees individuals the right to possess firearms.
8th Amendment
Focuses on preventing cruel and unusual punishment, setting standards for bail and fines.
14th Amendment
Addresses citizenship rights, due process, and equal protection under the law.
17th Amendment
Established the direct election of senators by the people.
4th Amendment
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, establishing the right to privacy.
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote.
24th Amendment
Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.
Federalist 70
Written by Alexander Hamilton, argues for a strong executive branch.
Brutus 1
An anti-federalist essay opposing the ratification of the Constitution.
Federalist 78
Defends the necessity of an independent judiciary and judicial review.
Letter From a Birmingham Jail
Defends nonviolent resistance against racism and injustice.
Declaration of Independence
Declares the thirteen American colonies independent from British rule.
Federalist 51
Emphasizes separation of powers and checks and balances.
Articles of Confederation
The first constitution of the United States, creating a weak central government.
Federalist 10
Discusses the dangers of factionalism and argues for a large republic.
Citizens United v FEC
Expanded the rights of corporations and unions to spend money on political campaigns.
Shaw v Reno
Addressed racial gerrymandering, ruling that race cannot be the predominant factor.
U.S. v. Lopez
Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.
Gideon v. Wainwright
Established the right to counsel for criminal defendants.
New York Times v United States
Upholds freedom of the press against government prior restraint.
Schenck v. United States
Established the 'clear and present danger' test for free speech.
Wisconsin v. Yoder
Recognized the rights of parents to homeschool for religious reasons.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Affirmed the supremacy of the federal government over state governments.
Brown v. Board of Education
Overturned racial segregation in public schools as unconstitutional.
Tinker v Des Moines
Upheld students' rights to free speech in public schools.
McDonald v. Chicago
Incorporated the Second Amendment's right to bear arms to the states.
Engel v. Vitale
Declared school-sponsored prayer in public schools unconstitutional.
Baker v. Carr
Established 'one person, one vote,' requiring roughly equal population in districts.
Commerce Clause
Gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states.
Due Process Clause
Guarantees fair legal procedures before deprivation of life, liberty, or property.
Establishment Clause
Prohibits establishing an official religion or favoring one religion.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Requires states to recognize legal acts and records of other states.
Equal Protection Clause
Requires individuals to be treated equally under the law.
Supremacy Clause
Establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land.
Necessary and Proper Clause
Gives Congress authority to make laws necessary for executing its powers.
Free Exercise Clause
Protects individuals' rights to practice their religion.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Aimed to eliminate barriers preventing African Americans from voting.
War Powers Act
Requires presidential consultation with Congress before military action.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or sex.
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
Regulates campaign financing and restricts soft money contributions.
USA Patriot Act
Expands law enforcement authority for surveillance and investigation.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities.
Motor Voter Act
Increases voter registration by allowing registration with driver's license.
Title IX
Prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs.
Implied powers
Powers not explicitly stated but inferred from the Constitution.
Concurrent powers
Powers shared by federal and state governments.
Enumerated powers
Specific powers explicitly listed in the Constitution.
Reserved Powers
Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states.
Exclusive powers
Powers that are granted solely to the federal government.
Rational-choice model
Voters evaluate candidates based on beliefs and preferences.
Party-line model
Voters cast ballots exclusively for candidates from the same party.
Retrospective model
Voters assess an incumbent's performance before re-election.
Prospective model
Voters base decisions on candidates' promises and future performance.
Delegate role
Acts as a direct representative, voting according to constituents' wishes.
Politico role
Balances personal judgment with constituents' interests and political considerations.
Trustee role
Acts according to personal conscience and judgment, regardless of constituents.
Gatekeeper role
Media determines what information reaches the public.
Scorekeeper role
Media provides assessments of political performances.
Watchdog role
Holds government officials accountable.
Note 
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