Bio Unit 3 Section 3-5 Test Study Guide

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Autotrophs

Organisms that acquire energy from nonliving sources, like plants

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from living or once-living organisms, like animals

Detritivores/Decomposers

Organisms that decompose dead material into simpler compounds for primary consumers

Pyramid of Energy

Representation showing energy loss at each trophic level, with 10% lost per level

Producer

Autotrophs that use photosynthesis to make simple sugars from nonliving sources

Consumer

Heterotrophs that obtain energy from living or once-living organisms

Carnivore

Organisms that exclusively consume meat

Omnivore

Organisms that consume both meat and vegetation

Herbivore

Organisms that exclusively consume vegetation

deep sea vent bacteria use sulfur to make glucose

What organisms do Chemosynthesis?

6Carbon dioxide + 6Water--> Glucose + 6Oxygen

Photosythesis equation

Breaking down macromolecules to release ATP during cellular respiration

How do consumers get energy?

Food chain

single flow of energy to show levels of nourishment

Rule of 10

as energy flows between trophic levels, 90% is lost as metabolism or heat, the next organism only gets 10% of organism it eats

Trophic levels

levels of nourishment in food chain

Food web

shows multiple food chains and how they interconnect

Trophic pyramid

models that show how energy flows through ecosystem

Conversion of sunlight, water, and CO2 into glucose

Photosynthesis purpose

Grana

Pancake-like,grain like thylakoid membrane stacks

Stroma

Fluid filling space between grana

Chlorophyll

Pigment capturing sunlight in grana

Chemosynthesis

Organism making food using chemicals instead of sunlight

Calvin Cycle

Light-independent reaction forming sugar/glucose from ATP and NADPH (from LDR)

ATP

Energy-carrying molecule storing energy from sunlight

NADPH

Energy-carrying molecule storing energy from sunlight

Thylakoid Membrane

Location where light-dependent reactions occur

Passing sun's energy through molecules to store in ATP and NADPH

Electron Transport Chain

Calvin Cycle

Light-independent reaction forming sugar from ATP and NADPH

Glucose

Sugar molecule formed in photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide

Reactant used to form glucose in photosynthesis

Water

Reactant used to form glucose in photosynthesis

Oxygen

Released as a waste product in photosynthesis

Hydrogen

Split from water molecules in light-dependent reactions

The pigment chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane absorbs all colors of light except for green

Why are plants green?

1: Light-Dependent reaction; 2: Light-Independent reaction/Calvin Cycle

Photosynthesis Full Reaction Steps

Photosystems absorb light (Energy is transferred to electrons —> makes exited electrons to move fown ETC to charge ATP and NADPH)

How is light absorbed?

Cluster of chlorophyll and proteins that trap energy from the sun

What are Photosystems?

Carbon dioxide + water —> 3-C sugars (occurs twice, then combine to make 1 glucose)

Calvin Cycle Process

Sunlight energy is passed down from the ETC and stored in ATP and NADPH

Light Dependent Process

grana

Light Dependent reaction location

Stroma

Calvin Cycle/light independent reaction

Light intensity, amount of CO2, temperature

What changes the rate of photosynthesis?

Stomata

pores on the underside of leaf: Where plants loose water, CO2 enters, and O2 exit

Photorespiration

If it is too hot or dry out, the plant will close it stomata so that it doesnt lose too much water and become dehydrated; The levels of CO2 drop and the levels of O2 increase

adds oxygen to the Calvin Cycle instead of carbon oxide; this makes NO sugar or ATP; this wastes all of the plant's resources

What happens in photorespiration?

CAM and C4

What are the processes that help plants avoid photorespiration?

Done by cacti and pineapples, Open stomata at night and close during the day (opposite of normal), Causes them to grow slowly

CAM

Done by corn and sugar cane, Partially close stomata during the hottest part of the day, Allows them to only need ½ as much water as normal plants

C4

Inner membrane

Folded membranes of mitochondria

Matrix

Fluid-like substance that fills the space of the mitochondria

1: glycolysis; 2: aerobic/anaerobic respiration

Cellular Respiration process

1: Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle; 2: ETC

Aerobic respirationprocess

1: fermentation (Lactic acid or alcohol)

Anaerobic respiration process

A: 2 ATP from Glycolysis, 2 ATP from Krebs Cycle, 34 ATP from ETC; ANA: 2 ATP from Glycolysis, 2 ATP from fermentation

How much ATP is formed from aerobic vs anaerobic respiration?

Oxygen is present

Aerobic respiration meaning

Oxygen is absent

anaerobic respiration meaning

Cytoplasm; 10 step process of splitting glucose into pyruvate and releasing 2 ATP (net); requires no oxygen

Glycolysis location and process

Pyruvate

3-C molecule formed from glycolysis

Mitochondrial matrix; 8 steps of chemical reactions where 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are chemically converted to make 2 ATP; CO2 as a waste product (occurs twice, once for each pyruvate)

Krebs cycle process

Cristae; A series of reactions using the e- and hydrogens carried by NADH and FADH2 formed in the Krebs Cycle; Enzyme ATP Synthase helps to assemble ATP; Final electron acceptor after the e- have gone down the ETC is oxygen; Oxygen combines with e- and H+ to make water; Makes 34 ATP and H2O (when hydrogen binds to oxygen)

Electron transport chain location and process

Cristae

the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria where the ETC takes place for cellular respiration

Occurs in some bacteria and animal cells; occurs in anything fermented, yogurt

When/Where does Lactic Acid fermentation occur?

Occurs in yeast when oxygen is not available; bread, wine, and beer

When/Where does alcohol fermentation occur?

1: GRAB: CO2 diffuses into stroma, Enzyme attaches CO2 to %-C RuBP, Produce unstable 6-C molecules; 2: SPLIT: Energy from ATP and NADPH and enzymes break the 6-C molecule into 2 3-C molecules (PGA); 3: LEAVE: Each 3-C molecule (PGA) is converted to a different 3-C molecule (G3P), One G3P leaves the cyle to becom glucose, The other G3P moves on to next step; 4: SWITCH: Remaining G3P converts back to 5-C RuBP by using a phosphate from ATP and the cycle starts again

Calvin Cycle Process