FINALE EXAM NUTRION

Taste

What is the number one factor that drives food choices?

The capacity to do work

what is the definition of energy?

Carbohydrates (4), Fats (9), protein (4), vitamins, minerals, and water

what are the 6 classifications of essential nutrients?

all the foods in the categories of starch, grain, fruit, vegetables, dairy. Remember, meat and fat do not have carbs

What foods are good sources of carbohydrates?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

what are the three main classifications of lipids?

nutrients you need in less quantity, such as vitamins and minerals

what is a micronutrient?

Amino acids

what are the building blocks of protein?

Vitamins, A, D, E, K

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

It is your weight relative to your height

What is BMI

<18.5 underweight

18.5-24.9 normal

25-29.9 overweight

30-34.9 obese

> 35 morbid obesity

what are the ranges of BMI

recommended dietary allowances that meet 97-98% of the healthy population

What is RDA

Upper limit of recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals shown not to cause toxic effects. Going above the UL is considered unsafe.

what is the UL

half your plate should be fruits and veggies

what is the MyPlate recommendation in regards to fruit and vegetable intake?

less than 3 grams of fat per serving.

according to the FDA. what does the term “low-fat” mean?

45-65% carbs

20-35% fat

10-35% Pro

what is the AMDR for carbohydrates, fat, and protein?

water

what is the most abundant nutrient found in foods and in the body?

7 kcal per gram

how many kcal does alcohol have per gram?

Fruit ½ cup is 15 grams of carbohydrates

How many grams of carbohydrates are in a serving of fruit?

non-starchy vegetables ½ cup cooked/ 1 cup raw - 5 grams of carbs

How many grams of carbohydrates are in a serving of non-starchy vegetables?

starchy vegetables (starches) ½ cup of 15 grams of carbs

how many grams of carbs are in a serving of starchy vegetables?

dairy - 1 cup of milk 12 grams of carbs

how many carbs are in a serving of dairy?

meat = 0 grams of carbs

how many carbs are in a serving of meat?

fat = 0 grams of carbs

how many grams of carbs are in a serving of fats

men no more than 9 teaspoons of sugar per day. Women no more than 6 teaspoons of sugar per day

what is the AHA recommendation for sugar intake for men and women?

glucose + glucose = maltose

glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)

glucose + fructose + sucrose (table sugar)

what are disaccharides (the combination of 2 sugars)

yes, in small amounts and can usually tolerate dairy products such as yogurt and aged cheeses

can a person with lactose intolerance eat dairy?

liver

in the process of digestion, which is the first organ to receive glucose, fructose, and galactose?

Yes, glucose is an essential nutrient to the body, especially the brain, cental nervous system, and red blood cells.

is glucose an essential nutrient to the body?

it is tightly regulated by the hormone’s insulin (created by the pancreas when blood glucose levels increase) and the glucagon (created by the pancreas when blood glucose levels decrease)

is glucose tightly regulated, and what hormones regulate glucose?

the liver and muscles

what are the storage sites for glycogen?

while humans do not have the enzymes to digest any fiber, the bacteria in the large intestine can digest some soluble fiber to be used as an energy source for the bacteria; the insoluble fiber to a lesser extent.

what is the key difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?

the creation of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source, mainly protein (amino acids) and to lesser amount fat (the glycerol portion of the fatty acid)

what is gluconeogenesis?

the breakdown of glycogen

what is glycogenolysis?

glucose

what does the brain, red blood cells and central nervous system rely on for energy?

130 grams of carbs at minimum

how many grams of carbohydrates per day is recommended for healthy individuals (the least amount to sustain life)?

soda/ soft drinks

what is the most common source of added sugar in the us diet?

type 2

what is the most prevalent form of diabetes?

type 1 diabetics do not make insulin and type 2 diabetics do make insulin

what is the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes?

glycated hemoglobin percentage that provides the average range of blood glucose levels over the past 3 months

what is hemoglobin A1c?

injections by shots or through an insulin pump

how must insulin be administered.

it is when a person had any 3 of the five conditions

elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)

elevated triglycerides

low HDL’s

high blood pressure (hypertension)

obesity

what is metabolic syndrome?

elevated blood glucose levels

what is hyperglycemia?

low blood glucose levels due to release of too much insulin (or a diabetic taking to much insulin or taking insulin and not eating adequate carbs) resulting in dizziness, shaking, weakness, and/ or slurred speech.

what are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

increased thirst

what is polydipsia?

increased hunger/ eating

what is polyphagia?

increased urination

what is polyuria?

food with carbs

what foods have the greatest impact on blood glucose?

enzymes, fluid balance, build/ maintain the body, antibodies, hormones, transport proteins

what are some of the functions of protein int he body?

yes

can vegetarian diet be healthy and meet protein requirements?

260

how many pounds of meat does an American eat on a yearly average?

heat, acids, bases, salts, or mechanical agitation can unfold, change the shape or denature protein

what can denature a protein?

a complete protein is one that has all 9 essentials amino acids (AA’s) beef, chicken, eggs, milk, (animal protein), soy and quinoa

what is a complete protein and give some examples.

proteins that do not have all the essential AA’s. fruit, vegetables, whole grains, beans, and nuts (exception soy, quinoa)

what is an incomplete protein? give some examples.

2 combined incomplete proteins that will provide all of the essential AA’s

what is a complementary protein?

beans and rice, peanut butter on bead or crackers, and butter beans and cornbread.

examples of complementary protein.

the breakdown of an amino acid for energy and it produces ammonia which is converted to urea and excreted by the kidneys.

what is deamination and what does it produce?

type of protein energy malnutrition characterized by sufficient intake of calories but a lack of protein

what is kwashiorkor?

type of protein- energy malnutrition characterized by a general lack of protein, energy, and nutrients.

what is Marasmus?

there are 9 essentails AA’s

how many amino acids are considered essential?

saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA’s), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s)

What are the three classifications of fatty acids?

adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fat resulting in a man-made saturated fat called trans-fat fatty acid. this is like Crisco or margarine and on food label defined as hydrogenated fatty acids or partially hydrogenated fatty acids.

what is hydrogenation

triglycerides

what is the most common lipid in the body?

a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond.

what is a trans-fatty acid? how are the carbons distributed?

they are absorbed in the vascular system in the villi and travel through the portal vein to the liver.

how are short and medium chain triglycerides absorbed into the body?

when exposed to oxygen, or oxidized, food containing fatty acids may develop a bitter, pungent smell or taste.

what is rancid?

oxidized fats

what fats promote atherosclerosis?

removes cholesterol from arteries and brings it to the liver to be used or excreted from your body.

what is the function of HDL?

20-35% of calories from fat.

what is the AMDR of HDL?

involves adding nutrients that do not naturally occur in the food.

what is fortification

refers to the replacement of nutrients lost during food processing.

what is enrichment?

are due to a lack of intake of a specific nutrient.

what is primary nutrient deficiencies?

are due to an underlying disorder.

what is secondary nutrient deficiencies?

gut flora produced vitamin K

where is vitamin k produced in the body?

thiamin deficiency

what is beriberi

niacin deficiency

what is pellagra?

vitamin C deficiency

what is scurvy?

is a vitamin D deficiency in children and

what is rickets

isa vitamin D deficiency in adults

what is osteomalacia?

are greater than 100mg per day

what amounts are needed for major minerals

are less than 100mg per day

what amounts are needed for trace minerals?

vitamin C

what can improve the absorption of iron?

A,D,E,K

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

B’s and C

what are the water soluble vitamins

citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, potato’s, broccoli, cantaloupe

what are good sources of vitamin c?

vitamin D

which vitamin is the sunshine vitamin?

No, the energy boost from supplements is often due to added sugars, caffeine, and herbal stimulants, not the B vitamins themselves.

does B vitamins give a person an “energy boost”?

low blood sodium levels caused by excessive water intake.

what is hyponatremia?

sodium, chloride, potassium

what are the electrolytes responsible for maintaining water balance?

milk, and yellow urine

where is riboflavin found and what is the result of consuming riboflavin?

niacin

what vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan?

a type of macrocytic anemia caused by impaired intrinsic factor secretion: as well as a lack of intake of B12

what is pernicious anemia?

enlarged thyroid tissue as a result of prolonged iodine deficiency, often a visible sign in adults

what is a goiter?

peak bone mass is usually reached by the age of 30

when does a person reach peak bone mass?

calcium is the most abundant mineral, and phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral

what is the most abundant mineral in the body and the second most abundant mineral in the body?

malnutrition

what is the leading cause of immune system deficiency in the world?

vitamin D

what vitamin is required to absorb calcium?

vitamin A

what vitamin plays a role in vision?

selenium

what race mineral helps to convert the inactive theroid hormone to its active form?

vitamin k plays a role in blood clotting

what is the function of vitamin k?

about 95% of iron is recycled by the human body

what percentage of iron is recycled?