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100 English vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the Invertebrate & Vertebrate Zoology lecture notes.
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Zoology
Branch of biology devoted to the scientific study of animals, including their structure, physiology, behavior, and classification.
Systematics
The scientific discipline concerned with classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
Kingdom
Highest obligatory taxonomic rank in traditional classification; Animalia is the kingdom for all animals.
Phylum
Major taxonomic category below kingdom grouping organisms that share a basic body plan; e.g., Chordata, Arthropoda.
Binomial Nomenclature
Linnaean system assigning every species a two-word Latin name: Genus (capitalized) + species (lowercase).
Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms considered the simplest animals; feed, move, and reproduce as single cells.
Sarcodina
Protozoan class characterized by locomotion via pseudopodia; includes Amoeba species.
Mastigophora
Protozoan class whose members move with one or more flagella; also called Flagellata.
Sporozoa
Protozoan class of non-motile parasites that reproduce by spore formation; includes Plasmodium.
Ciliophora
Protozoan class possessing cilia for locomotion or feeding; example organism Paramecium.
Amoeba
Free-living sarcodine protozoan with changing shape and pseudopodia used for movement and phagocytosis.
Entamoeba histolytica
Pathogenic amoeba inhabiting human large intestine; causes amoebic dysentery.
Trypanosoma
Flagellated protozoan genus causing African sleeping sickness; transmitted by tsetse flies.
Plasmodium
Sporozoan genus responsible for malaria in humans; alternates between Anopheles mosquitoes and vertebrate host.
Paramecium
Free-living ciliate protozoan with slipper shape, oral groove, macro- and micronuclei.
Trophozoite
Active, feeding stage in a protozoan life cycle before reproduction or encystment.
Cyst
Dormant, resistant stage of protozoa enclosed in a protective wall for survival outside host.
Gametocyte
Protozoan stage that differentiates into gametes for sexual reproduction.
Flagellum
Long whip-like locomotory organelle composed of microtubules; propels Mastigophora and other cells.
Cilium
Short, numerous hair-like projection producing locomotion or water currents in Ciliophora.
Pseudopodium
Temporary cytoplasmic extension in sarcodines used for movement and engulfing food.
Macronucleus
Larger nucleus in ciliates controlling metabolic and developmental functions.
Micronucleus
Smaller reproductive nucleus in ciliates responsible for genetic exchange during conjugation.
Metazoa
Multicellular animals with specialized tissues, organs, and usually sexual reproduction.
Diploblastic
Having two primary germ layers—ectoderm and endoderm—during development; characteristic of Cnidaria.
Triploblastic
Having three embryonic germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm; found in most animal phyla.
Mesoglea
Non-cellular, gelatinous layer between epidermis and gastrodermis of diploblastic animals like cnidarians.
Porifera
Phylum of sponges; sessile, porous, filter-feeding animals with choanocyte-lined canals.
Spongocoel
Central cavity within many sponges through which water flows before exiting the osculum.
Osculum
Large excurrent opening at the top of a sponge allowing filtered water to leave.
Choanocyte
Collar cell lining sponge canals; flagella drive water current and trap food particles.
Pinacocyte
Flat epidermal-like cell forming the outer pinacoderm layer of a sponge.
Amoebocyte
Mobile sponge cell within mesohyl that digests food, forms spicules, and can differentiate.
Spicule
Calcareous or siliceous skeletal element supporting sponge body.
Asconoid
Simplest sponge body type with a single tubular spongocoel lined by choanocytes.
Syconoid
Intermediate sponge form with folded body wall creating radial flagellated canals.
Leuconoid
Most complex sponge architecture with a network of small flagellated chambers and no central cavity.
Filter Feeder
Organism that strains suspended matter and food from water; characteristic feeding of sponges.
Gemmule
Asexual, overwintering internal bud of freshwater sponges containing archaeocytes.
Cnidaria
Phylum of radially symmetrical aquatic animals possessing cnidocytes; includes jellyfish and corals.
Nematocyst
Stinging capsule inside cnidocytes used for prey capture and defense in cnidarians.
Polyp
Sessile, tubular cnidarian body form with mouth and tentacles oriented upward.
Medusa
Free-swimming, bell-shaped cnidarian stage with downward-facing mouth; typical of jellyfish.
Hydra
Freshwater hydrozoan polyp capable of asexual budding and simple regeneration.
Gastrovascular Cavity
Central digestive compartment with single opening serving as mouth and anus in cnidarians and flatworms.
Mesoglea
(Cnidarian context) Jelly-like acellular layer between epidermis and gastrodermis.
Planaria
Free-living freshwater flatworm (Turbellaria) noted for high regenerative ability.
Flame Cell
Ciliated excretory cell (protonephridium) of flatworms that propels waste-laden fluid.
Protonephridium
Network of tubules ending in flame cells responsible for osmoregulation in acoelomates.
Nerve Net
Diffuse network of interconnected nerve cells typical of cnidarians and simple worms.
Platyhelminthes
Phylum of dorsoventrally flattened acoelomate worms; includes planarians, flukes, tapeworms.
Bilateral Symmetry
Body plan with left and right halves that are mirror images; first appears in flatworms.
Acoelomate
Animal lacking a body cavity between gut and body wall; e.g., flatworms.
Nematoda
Phylum of unsegmented roundworms with a pseudocoelom and complete digestive tract.
Pseudocoelom
Fluid-filled body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm; characteristic of nematodes.
Cuticle
Tough, flexible, non-cellular outer layer secreted by epidermis of nematodes and arthropods.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Large human intestinal roundworm; causes ascariasis.
Coelom
True fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesodermal peritoneum.
Annelida
Phylum of segmented worms with true coelom and metameric organization.
Metamerism
Serial repetition of similar body segments along the anterior–posterior axis, as in annelids.
Setae
Chitinous bristles on annelid segments providing traction for locomotion.
Nephridium
Segmental excretory organ of annelids that removes metabolic wastes from coelomic fluid.
Polychaeta
Class of mainly marine annelids with many setae and parapodia; e.g., Nereis.
Hirudinea
Class of annelids comprising leeches; lack setae and possess suckers.
Oligochaeta
Class of annelids with few setae per segment; includes earthworms.
Nereis
Marine polychaete (ragworm) with parapodia and acicula; often used in studies of segmentation.
Mollusca
Large phylum of soft-bodied animals typically with mantle, muscular foot, and visceral mass.
Mantle
Molluscan body wall fold that secretes the shell and forms mantle cavity.
Radula
Chitinous rasping tongue-like ribbon bearing rows of teeth in most molluscs.
Hemocoel
Primary body cavity of molluscs and arthropods containing circulatory fluid.
Bivalvia
Mollusc class with two-part hinged shell and laterally compressed body; clams, oysters.
Gastropoda
Largest mollusc class; asymmetrical body and helical shell in many; snails, slugs.
Cephalopoda
Mollusc class of active marine predators with tentacles and closed circulation; squids, octopuses.
Echinodermata
Phylum of deuterostome marine animals with pentaradial symmetry and calcareous endoskeleton.
Water Vascular System
Network of fluid-filled canals in echinoderms powering locomotory tube feet.
Tube Foot
Hydraulic appendage of echinoderms used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration.
Madreporite
Porous sieve plate on echinoderm surface that admits seawater to the water vascular system.
Pedicellariae
Tiny pincer-like defensive or cleaning appendages on echinoid and asteroid surfaces.
Sea Urchin
Globular echinoderm with movable spines and Aristotle’s lantern for grazing.
Chordata
Animal phylum characterized by notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
Notochord
Flexible, rod-like supportive structure in chordate embryos and some adults.
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Tubular nervous system structure running above the notochord in chordates; develops into brain and spinal cord.
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
Series of openings in pharyngeal region of chordates functioning in feeding or respiration.
Urochordata
Subphylum of sessile marine chordates (tunicates) with notochord and nerve cord only in larval stage.
Tunic
Cellulose-containing outer covering of adult tunicates.
Cephalochordata
Subphylum of small marine chordates (lancelets) retaining notochord and gill slits throughout life.
Amphioxus
Common name for Branchiostoma (lancelet); model cephalochordate exhibiting basic chordate traits.
Vertebra
Bony or cartilaginous segment forming the vertebral column of vertebrates.
Agnatha
Jawless vertebrate superclass including lampreys and hagfish.
Cyclostomata
Class of living agnathans distinguished by circular suctorial mouth and lack of paired fins.
Gnathostomata
Jawed vertebrate superclass encompassing fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes)
Class of jawed fishes with skeletons of cartilage; sharks, rays, skates.
Osteichthyes
Class of bony fishes with ossified skeleton and swim bladder; largest group of vertebrates.
Amphibia
Class of vertebrates with dual life cycle, moist glandular skin, and three-chambered heart; frogs, salamanders.
Tympanic Membrane
External eardrum of amphibians and reptiles transmitting sound to middle ear.
Reptilia
Class of amniote vertebrates with keratinized scales and mostly three-chambered heart; snakes, turtles.
Amniotic Egg
Reptile, bird, and monotreme egg containing amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac for terrestrial development.
Aves
Class of feathered, bipedal, warm-blooded vertebrates adapted for flight; birds.
Air Sacs
Thin-walled extensions of bird lungs providing unidirectional airflow and reducing body mass.
Mammalia
Class of endothermic vertebrates with hair, mammary glands producing milk, and differentiated teeth.