REVIEW ANATOMY

synathroses joints

synathroses joints

1. immovable

2. sutures

amphiarthroses joints

1. slightly movable

2. vertebrae, pubic symphysis

diarthroses joints

1. freely movable

2. synovial joints

hematopoiesis

production of red blood cells

where red blood cells are produced

red bone marrow

superficial

towards the surface

proximal

close to a point of attachment

Distal

further from a point of attachment

deep

away from the body surface

medial

1. toward the midline of the body

lateral

1. away from the midline of the body

posterior

1. toward the back of the body

intermediate

between a medial and lateral structure

superior

1. toward the head; above

correct anatomical position

1. standing straight with arms hanging at the sides and palms facing forward

median body plane

1. divides body into right and left parts

frontal body plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

transverse body plane

divides body into superior and inferior

dorsal

holds cranial cavity and spinal cavity

ventral

holds thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

location of the mucous membranes

1. respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system

function of mucous membranes

1. line body cavities that open to the outside of the body

sebaceous glands

1. produces sebum which lubricates skin and lowers the pH of skin to kill bacteria

2. located all over the body except for palms and soles of your feet

arrector pili

1. Small involuntary muscles that contract to make the hair stand up straight

2. found in dermis

adipose tissue

1. under the skin, in hypodermis

2. fat

apocrine glands

1. sweat glands used to attract opposite sex

2. found in the axillary and pubic regions, dermisim

compact bone

strongest type of bone

spongy bone

1. not as strong as compact bones, porous appearance, absorbs shock

closed factures/simple

1. clean break where bone does not go through the skin

2. closed reduction, setting bones together from the outside of skin

open fractures/compound

1. bone breaks and end push through the skin

2. open reduction, surgery

greenstick fracture

splinters on one side and stays intact on the other, doesnt break all the way through

most common in children

sutures

immovable meeting point of two bones, often in skull

articulations

joints where two bones come together

Skeletal muscles

1. voluntary

2. striated/striped

3. attached to skeleton

smooth muscles

1. involuntary

2. found in the walls of hollow organs

3. unstriated

cardiac muscles

1. involuntary

2. striated/striped

3. make up heart

tendons

connects muscle to bone, strong and cord-like

ligaments

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

aerobic respiration

• ATPS

• oxygen?

• Speed

• location

• lactic acid?

1. 36 ATPS per glucose molecule

2. uses oxygen

3. slow

4. occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria

5. doesnt give off lactic acid as by product

anaerobic respiration

• ATPS

• oxygen?

• Speed

• location

• lactic acid?

1. 2 ATP per glucose molecule

2. doesnt use oxygen

3. fast

4. occurs in cytoplasm only

5. gives off lactic acids as by product

abduction

1. moving a limb away from the body

adduction

moving a limb towards the body

nodes of ranvier

separates Schwann cells on the axon

synaptic cleft

separates axon terminals from other neurons

myelin

1. whitish fatty material that covers most long nerve fibers

2. speeds up thhe rate of the transmission of nerve impulses

neurotransmitter

1. chemicals that travel across the synapse and stimulate the nest nerve cell

sympathetic nervous system

1. sympathetic nervous systen

2. accerlerated heartbeat, rapid breathing, sweat

central nervous system

made up of brain and spinal cord

element necessary for the thyroid to function

1. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

happens when too little Growth Hormone is secreted

1. Pituitary Dwarfism, below average growth

happens when too much Growth Hormone is secreted

1. Gigantism, increased height and features compared to average people

2. Acromegaly, abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face

female sex hormones

estrogen and progesterone

male sex hormones

testosterone

another name for adrenaline

epinephrine

blood cell and molecule responsible for the transportation of oxygen

hemaglobin in red blood cells

Sickle Cell Anemia

genetic disorder; rbcs are cresent and sickle shaped; commonly seen in black people, prevent malaria

hemophilia

sex-linked genetic disorder; lack of one or more of the clotting proteins needed for coagulation

Group A blood cells

anti-B antibodies; A antigens

group B blood cells

anti-A antibodies; B antigens

group AB blood cells

no antibodies (universal recipient); A and B antigens

group O blood cells

anti-A and anti-B antibodies; no antigens (universal donor)

Apex

bottom tip of the heart, tilted directly to the left

chordae tendinae

1. heartstrings; open and close flaps of the valves

myocardium

1. the major portion of the heart. heart wall

2. consists of cardiac muscle

atria

1. receive blood from the body

2. upper two chambers of the heart

3. walls are thinner than ventricles

pathogens

harmful or disease causing microorganisms

white blood cells

bodys defense against disease

pus

Dead WBCs, dead tissue, dead pathogens

B Lymphocytes

1. humoral immunity

2. produce antibodies

3. can bind with free antigens

T Lymphocytes

1. do not produce antibodies

2. cell-mediated immunity

3. can not bind with free antigens without macrophages

antigen-presenting cell

1. A macrophage that presents a foreign antigen by engulfing it and then presenting it along with some of its own antigen on its cell surface

2. Must be done for T Cell to recognize the foreign antigen

immunosuppressive therapy

1. prevents tissue rejection after a skin graft

allergies

vigorous immune response to a foreign substance

anaphylactic shock

when an allergen goes directly into the bloodstream

allergens

anything that can cause an allergic reaction

vaccination

1. The dead pathogen that you are vaccinating against

edema

1. localized swelling caused by the accumulation of tissue fluid

the relationship between plasma, tissue fluid and lymph

barriers to entry (ns body defense)

1. skin kills bacteria through sebum, mucous membranes kill bacteria through slaiva,

cell and chemical defenses (ns body defense)

Phagocytic Cells, WBCs, Natural killer cells, macrophages

inflammatory response (ns body defense)

1. Pain, redness, swelling, heat

Cranial Cavity

1. holds the brain

2. dorsal body cavities

Spinal cavity

1. hold the spinal cord

2. dorsal body cavities

Thoracic cavity

1. holds the heart and lungs

2. ventral body cavities

Abdominal cavity

1. separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm

2. ventral body cavities

pelvic cavity

1. holds reproductive organs and urinary bladder

2. ventral body cavities

enzymes made by the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, aids with the digestion of protein, pancreatic nuclease

chemical digestion

1. breaking down the molecular structure to be absorbed into the bloodstream

2. stomach and mouth

mechanical digestion

1. occurs in stomach and mouth

2. physically breaking down food into smaller pieces

peristalsis

involuntary muscle activity in the walls of the organs that transports food further into the body. this happens in every organ in the digestive system

the last structure the sperm travel through before they leave the male body

urethra

fimbriae

fingerlike projections that sweep over the ovares to catch the egg as it ruptures from the ovary

epididymis

1. located just outside the testes; where sperm mature and are stored

scrotum

external sac that holds the testes

Where does fertilization occur

fallopian tubes

When does ovulation occur

1. when the Graafian follicle bursts and the secondary occyte is released (day 14)

menstruation

the break down of the endometrium because of an increase ub the levels of estrogen

How many sperm can fertilize an egg at one time

what is hGC

human chorionic gonadotropin

a hormone secreted during pregnancy by the placenta which stimulates production of progesterone by the ovaries

follicle that releases the egg during ovulation

dominant follicle