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activation energy
the minimum amount of energy that must be provided to break covalent bonds in reactants so that a chemical reaction occurs.
active site
a space in the enzyme that fits the substrate shape exactly. Or: the part of the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and a chemical reaction takes place
amino acid
molecules that combine to form proteins
ATP
an immediately available source of energy cells use to do work
biomolecule
a chemical compound found in living organisms
carbohydrate
a biomolecule made of simple or complex sugars
Carbon dioxide
CO2
catalyst
a molecule that lowers the activation energy required for reactions
cellular respiration
the process of breaking glucose to create ATP
Chemical energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
Chloroplast
an organelle in the plant cell that converts light energy into chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.
codon
an RNA sequence of three nucleotides that acts as the code for a particular amino acid OR to signal the end of protein synthesis
compare
give the similarities and contrasts / differences. Try to include at least 2 similarities and 2 differences
complimentary base pairs
pair of nucleotide bases that are attracted to each other by hydrogen bond forces—either adenine (A) and thymine (T) (or uracil, U) or cytosine (C) and guanine (G).
covalent bond
a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms
cytoplasm
the gelatinous liquid that is inside the cell
describe
provide a detailed explanation about how and why something happens. Give a detailed account.
distinguish
Give the differences between two or more different items.
DNA
double-stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic information; also known as deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA replication
the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
double-stranded
two individual polymers of nucleotides that are attracted to each other by hydrogen bond forces
endothermic
a chemical reaction where the reactants absorb heat energy from the surroundings to form products. (it 'sucks up' heat from the area around it)
enzyme
a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions
exothermic
a chemical reaction where the reactants releases energy (heat) to the surroundings (it gives off heat to the area around it)
explain
give a detailed account including reasons and causes
fatty acid
the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat
gene
a segment of DNA that carries the genetic code to make a specific polypeptide chain.
glucose
C6H12O6
hydrogen bond force
a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom in a different molecule
Inorganic compound
a compound that exists separately from living organisms and does not contain a carbon - hydrogen bond
Light energy
A form of electromagnetic radiation that travels in waves and can be seen by the human eye
lipid
fatty, waxy, or oily compounds
messenger RNA (mRNA)
type of RNA that copies genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus and carries them to the cytoplasm.
mitochondria
an organelle in a cell that produces ATP. This is where cellular respiration takes place.
monomer
the small molecules which are combined over and over to make up a polymer.
mRNA
type of RNA that copies genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus and carries them to the cytoplasm.
mutation
a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
nitrogenous base
A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells.
nucleic acid
an organic compound, such as DNA or RNA, that is built of monomers called nucleotides. They are considered the 'code' of life.
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids; contains a five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
nucleus
a part of a cell, considered the 'control centre' of the cell
Organic compound
a compound made by living organisms that contains carbon - hydrogen bonds
outline
indicate the principal features and steps of a process, in a concise (short) way. Give a brief account or summary.
Oxygen
O2
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
polymer
a large molecule formed of many smaller molecules (monomers) covalently bonded in a repeating pattern.
product
a substance that is formed from a chemical reaction
protein
organic compound made up of amino acids.
reactant
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
replication
process occurring before cell division in which DNA is copied
ribosome
small structures in the cell cytoplasm responsible for making proteins. They do this by bonding together amino acids
single-stranded
a single polymer of nucleotides
starch
a string (polymer) of glucose molecules
state
Give a specific name, value or other brief answer without an explanation or calculation.
Stoma (plural stomata)
a structure found in leaves and stems of plants that controls the rate of gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere
strand of DNA
two DNA polymers twisted around each other in a double helix shape, with each polymer made of four types of nucleotide monomers.
substrate
a molecule that an enzyme reacts with (the reactant in the reaction the enzyme helps)
trait
a genetically determined characteristic (i.e. blue eyes)
transcription
takes place in the nucleus of most cells, It uses DNA as a template to make an mRNA molecule. mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs
translation
the second part of protein synthesis: RNA → Protein. It is the process in which the genetic code in mRNA is read, one codon at a time, to make a protein
tRNA
a type of RNA that carries an amino acid on one end and binds with a codon on mRNA at the other end
uracil (U)
one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA.
Water
H20
artery
carries blood away from the heart to capillaries
atrium (plural = atria)
heart chamber that receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle
blood
carries gases, nutrients and heat to and from cells in vessels called capillaries.
Blood Vessel
a tubular (shaped like a pipe) structure carrying blood that connects the heart to the rest of your body. (for example: a vein, artery, or capillary)
capillary
a very fine (thin) blood vessel that allows the exchange of molecules between tissues and blood.
Cell
basic unit of structure and function of living things.
circuit
a loop / track within your body that has a specific function
circulatory system
a system made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart.
concentration gradient
The difference in the concentrations of molecules in two areas
Constrict
to squeeze or make smaller/narrower
Dialate
to relax or make bigger/wider
diffusion
the movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
equilibrium
an equal concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane.
error bar
a line through a point on a graph that represents how spread out the data is for (and around) that point
evaporation
the process where a liquid turns into a vapor (gas). This process requires heat energy
evaporative cooling
reduction in temperature resulting from the evaporation of a liquid
homeostasis
the process where organ systems work to maintain (keep) a stable internal environment.
membrane
a thin sheet of tissue or layer of cells acting as a boundary, lining, or partition in an organism.
negative feedback
a response to a stimulus that keeps a variable close to a set value (it "shuts off" or "turns on" a system when it varies from a set value)
Nervous System
organ system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves that carries electrical messages throughout the body.
Neuron
a nerve cell, is the basic unit of the nervous system and is responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information through the body
Organ
structure composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function.
Organ System
group of organs that work together to perform a particular function.
pulmonary circuit
the part of the circulatory system that carries blood between the heart and lungs
radiation (of heat)
heat energy is transferred through electromagnetic waves (for instance from your skin to the environment)
receptor
a cell or group of cells that receives stimuli
response
an action or message as a result of a signal
signal
a message that is sent between cells
Specialized Cell
a cell that has a specific shape (structure) and function
Standard Deviation
a measure of how spread out the data is in relation to the mean (average)
stimulus (plural = stimuli)
something that triggers a behavior or causes a reaction in an organism.
sweat gland
gland in the skin that produces the salty fluid called sweat, which excretes (gets rid of) wastes and helps cool the body.
systemic circuit
the part of the circulatory system that carries blood between the heart and body
Tissue
group of specialized cells of the same kind that perform the same function.
valve
a type of flap that act as one-way inlets for blood coming into a ventricle and one-way outlets for blood leaving a ventricle.
vein
carries blood from capillaries back to your heart
ventricle
heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart and into the circulatory system
