C3.1 Systems Integration

What is integration?

What is integration?

Integration is called co-ordinations and is from 2 main system that follows the brain that sent out the signals and processing. Body system needs to be integrated within a system and between system. The 2 main systems are:

• Endocrine system:

  • a system that sends out hormones and are the chemical messengers and target cells throughout the bloodstream

  • system of organs and glands within the body

  • production of hormones

  • hormones travel in the blood

  • a slower type of response because of time to reah target organs

  hormonal signalling, for example andrelanline can signal the heart to pump faster

• Nervous system:

  • through electrical impulse through out the body’s nerve called electrochemical

  • system of nerves and the brain that control the organs

  • CNS- brain and spinal cord

  • PNS- which is all the nerves that branch oyt from the spinal cord

  • very fast signal

  • central- brain and spinal cord

there is one other system called the circularity system

Circularity system

main transport system

• system of blood vessels that is used to transport

• carries nutrients (e.g. oxygen, glucose) and waste

• connects to all organs

The three systems all work together but are not emergant properties because they do not perform a different function

Comparisons:

endocrine is slower but its more targeted from the brain, nervous system is faster as it is electrochemical signals

Systems of Hierarchy

In a multicellular organisms, cells may be grouped to form tissues and are made up of a whole hierarchy. generally it follows this hierarchy:

cell—> tissues —> organ —> system —> organisms

What are emergant properties

Emergent properties are when individual components in the body collectively combine and together they can have a new function and carry out a new role. Multicellular organisms are capable of completing functions that unicellular organisms could not undertake due to the collective actions of individual cells combing to create new synergestic effects

an example of this is the heart

the heart’s only job is to pump blood but when working with the circulatory system which transports stuff, they work together to transport blood throughout the whole bodyThe whole organism works more effectively as an integrated system that just each individual part.

Brain’s role in systems integration

the brain is the key organ that is able to collect all the information, process it together and make sure all systems are integrating and working together properly. The whole brain is involved in memory and learning

Information is constantly being fed to the brain from everywhere and all over the place and the brain works out what the info means and how to respond, this is called the stimulus response system.

Stimulus response

Stimulus —> Receptor —→ Sensory Neuron —- > Central Nervous System

Via the relay neuron the Central Nervous System via the motor neuron —> Effector —> Response

an example of this is glucose levels.

Stimulus - change in environment, internal and external

Receptors - receptors in the body that detect the change (tastebuds) in internal (interoceptor) and external environments (exteroceptors) which is then sent to the spinal cord and brain via a sensory cord

Effector - muscle, gland, tissues

Spinal cord and its role in unconscious processes

defining unconscious: happens naturally within the body without needing to think about it, it is usually immediate. An example of this is digestion, heart rate, breathing, pupil dilation etc. these functions are controlled by what is called the autonamic nervous system

What is a reflex arc?

A reflex arc is an involuntary response where receptors sense a change in conditions (the stimulus) and a sensory neuron detects a signal from either a receptor or their own nerve endings, carrying it to the spinal cord. An interneuron in the spinal cord connects the signal with a motor neuron

White matter vs grey matter

white matter contains myelinated axons and other never fibers that transmit signals from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to the ograns of the body in comparsion to grey matter which contains nerve cell bodies and interneurons with many synapses between the neuron

What are neurons and what is a nerve?

Neurons is a single cell that have nerve cells transmitting signals by electrochemical change, they are a type of nerve

Neuron is a single cell that transmits information in the form of electrical signals, while a nerve is a bundle of neurons that carry signals throughout the body.

nerve cells are a bundle of nerve fibers enclosed and protected with a myelin sheath

Main job in the cerrebelum

function in movement and coordination — the contraction of skeletal muscles that are generally attached to the bones and help with movements, control balance and motor memory, HOWEVER, it does not choose the response,instead it just assists to coordinate the movement

Modulation of sleep patterns by meletonin secretion

melatonin comes from the gland called the pineal gland, which is secreted more in periods of darkness when light enters your eye in the back. Receptors in the eye carries the signal to your brain and your body picks it up, inhibiting the production of melatonin. Once you get exposed to increased darkness, melatonin is produced.

Circadian rhythms

Melatonin has a circadian rhythm and in the amount of timeframe it increases and decreases. This is the body’s psychological response to the 24 hour clock. They are driven by an internal circadian clock, although they can be controlled/changed by external factors. This means that these rhythms continue even if a person is placed in experimental continuous light or darkness.

Adrenaline

Adrenaline or epinephrine secretiion by the adrenal glands found on top of the kidney to prepare the body for vigorous activity, and has an effect on every tissue in the body, which prepares it for extreme activity.

Ultimately, it increases supply of oxygen and glucose to the muscles for ATP energy as they need it to undergo muscle contractions.

It accomplishes this by breaking down glycogen to glucose, dilates the tissues in our lungs , increase ventilation rate, widen arterials carrying blood and narrows the blood flow to organs such as they gut so blood is not sending to places where it is not needed

Control of the endocrine system by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Endocrine system - a system of glands producing hormones which are controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland which is near the pineal gland.

The hypothalamus is the control center of the brain, and everything comes back to it. The brains sends signals back to the nervous system from the endocrine and mantains homeostasis, recieves information from receptors and initiate a nervous or endocrine response depending on which one is needed

The pituitary gland works closely with the hypothalamus and has 2 lobes; the anterior and the posterior which secretes 2 different types of hormones [as they are two different parts of the brain]. An example of this is puberty.

hypothalamus will initiate puberty and releases endotrope in turn it stimulates the pituitary gland to excrete LH and FSH which stimulates estrogen or testosterone and they lead to puberty

Generally, the Endocrine system more often or not it is a hormone that stimulates another hormone and its like a cascade of events that happen.

Receptors