functional groups

alcohol

-OH (hydroxyl group) attached to saturated C

~3200-3600

ether

single O is bonded to two separate C

epoxide

three-membered cyclic ether where an O bridges two adjacent C, forming a ring

highly reactive

haloalkane

C bonded to a halogen

aldehyde

carbonyl carbon

C=O

~1700

ketone

carboxylic acid

carbonyl & hydroxyl group attached to same C

acid anhydride

two acyl groups linked by an oxygen atom

acyl

C double-bonded to an O and single-bonded to another atom or group of atoms (R)

ester

C double-bonded to an O (carbonyl group) and single-bonded to another O, which is then single-bonded to a different C

amide

carbonyl group (C=O) directly bonded to a N

acyl halide

amine

N with a lone pair, bonded to 1, 2, or 3 alkyl groups

nitrile

C triple-bonded to a N

imine

C double bonded to N

isocyanate

azo compound

thiol

arene

cyclic, unsaturated structure, most commonly a benzene ring

aromatic hydrocarbon

alkyl halide

at least one of an alkane's H is replaced by a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I)

nitroalkane

N bonded to two O and attached to an aliphatic (alkane) C

sulfide