Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkane

It is generally formed from an alkane by substituting hydrogen with halogen in presence of light

Saturated halogens

When a compound has only single bonds

Unsaturated

When a compound has either double bond or triple bond

Delocalization of pi bonds

When a pi bond breaks apart usually happens in resonance.

Alkyl halides are the same as

Haloalkanes

How many types of alkyl halides

3 types

3 types of alkyl halides

Primary alkyl halide/Secondary alkyl halide/tertiary alkyl halide

If the halogen is attached to a primary carbon then it is called

Primary alkyl halide(1° R-X)

example of primary alkyl halide

CH3-CH2-Cl

Is the simplest alkyl halide but not 1°

CH3-Cl

What is primary carbon?

is a type of carbon that is only attached to another single carbon atom

If the halogen is attached to a secondary carbon then it is

Secondary alkyl halide (2° R-X)

example of secondary alkyl halide

CH3-CH-CH3

|

Cl

When a halogen is attached to a tertiary carbon it is

Tertiary alkyl halide

example of teritary alkyl halide

CH3

|

CH3-C-CH3

|

CH3

What is the name of

CH3

|

CH3-C-Cl

|

CH3

2-Chloro-2 Methyl Propane

2-Chloro-2 Methyl Propane is also known as

Tert butyl chloride

Gem-dihalides

When 2 halogens are attached to the same carbon atom

Viccinal dihalide

When 2 halogens are attached to 2 adjacent carbon atom

example of gem dihalide

1,1-dichloroethane

example of viccinal dihalide

2,3 -dichlorobutane

α,ω halides

when 2 hydrogens are attached to 2 terminal carbon atom

example of α,ω halides

1,3-dichloropropane

If the halogen is directly bonded to C=C then that is

Vinylic halide

In case of vinylic halide the halogen is attached to a

Sp2 carbon

example of Vinylic halide

1-Bromocyclohex-1-ene

If the halogen is attached to a carbon which is directly bonded to C=C

Allylic halide

example of allylic halide

3-Bromocyclohex-1-ene

Haloarenes

When the halogen is directly attached to the benzene ring

Haloarenes are also called

Aryl Halide

Incase of aryl halide the halogen is attached to

Sp2 carbon atom

Benzylic halide

When the halogen is attached to a carbon which is directly bonded to benzene ring.

example of benzylic halide

C6H5-CHCl2

Classify (CH3)2CHCH(Cl)CH3 as alkyl/allyl/aryl/vinyl/benzyl

Method of preparation of alkyl halide from alcohol 1)

using PCl5,PCl3,SOCl2

SOCL2

Thionyl acid

Which of the following gives pure alkyl halide when resulted with alcohol ?

SOCl2

which of the following gives alkyl halide when reacted with alcohol

PCl3,PCl5,SOCl2

Define Luca's reagent

It is a mixture of concentrated HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2 which is used for dishtinguision of alcohol ONLY

chiral carbon

A carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms or groups are called chiral carbon which is denoted by an * symbol.

Achiral structure

A structure is said to be achiral structure (if that has a plane of symmetry) that is the object and its mirror image are super impossible on each other.

chiral structure

A structure is said to be chiral if it does not have plane of symmetry that is object and its mirror image are not super impossible.

conditions for optical activity

A compound is said to be optically active if it satisfies the following condition.

(1) It must contain a chiral carbon.

(2)It should not have any plane of symmetry.

Racemic mixture

It is an equal molar mixture of both d,l forms of an optically active compound.