AP World History Unit 1B: Developments in Europe, Africa, Americas, Oceania

Angles and Saxons

a member of a Germanic people that inhabited parts of central and northern Germany

Charlemagne

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor;

Clovis

early King of the Franks

feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe based on gifts of land

Franks

a member of a Germanic people that conquered Gaul

Great Schism

1054 division of Christianity- Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

Magyar

a member of a people who originated in the Urals and migrated westward to settle in what is now Hungary

manor

a large country house with lands; the principal house of a landed estate.

medieval period

lasted from 5th to 15th century

monasticism

asceticism as a form of religious life

pagans

person holding religious beliefs other than those of the rest of the world

Roman Emperor

sovereign of the Roman Empire

serfs

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

Viking

any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe

visigoth

a member of the branch of the Goths who invaded the Roman Empire

Age grades

Bantu concept in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age.

bananas

Which food, first domesticated in southeast Asia, provided a nutritious supplement to Bantu diets and allowed the Bantu to expand into forested regions?

Bantu

By 1000, most parts of Africa south of the equator had been settled by people speaking what language?

camel

One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was the increased use of the

Conversion to Islam by east African merchants and princes did not

eliminate native religions

family and kinship groups.

In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies governed themselves mostly through

Gao (Africa)

A port trading center on the Niger River during the Mali empire.

Ghana

The most powerful state in west Africa at the time of the arrival of Islam was

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Griot

An African musician-storyteller essential to oral storytelling tradition of sub-Saharan Africa.

Ibn Battuta

Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records

In the smaller states of sub-Saharan Africa, the chief considerations for determining social position were

kinship, age groupings, and sex and gender expectations.

Just as the kingdoms of west Africa were linked to the wider world by trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa were linked mainly by

Indian Ocean trade

Kilwa

City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean.

Kilwa

City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean.

Kingdom of Kongo

Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.

Malaria

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.

Mali (Africa)

Major trading kingdom in the west, empire divided into provinces ruled by a governor

Mali would reach its peak during the reign of

Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa

The grandnephew of Sundiata who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Upon his return, he built mosques and Islamic schools in Mali.

matrilineal descent

a kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant

Mecca

City conquered by Muhammad in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected mosques.

Solomonic Dynasty

Group in Ethiopia (1300s) claiming descent from Israelite kings.

Songhay Empire

A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.

Stateless societies

Term relating to societies such as those of sub-Saharan Africa after the Bantu migrations that featured decentralized rule through family and kinship groups instead of strongly centralized hierarchies.

Sundiata

The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260

The founder of the kingdom of Mali was

Sundiata

The Swahili city-states

dominated trade along the east African coast

Timbuktu

Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning

Zanj Rebellion

A series of revolts by slaves working on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia, led by Ali bin Muhammad

Andean societies

developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.

Andean Valley politics

Conquerors unify valleys and organize into states, built irrigation in lower valleys

Cacao

Consumed by nobles, used powder for beverage and sometimes used beans as money

Chavin Cult

In modern Peru, arose with maize? Made complex stone carvings

Chichen Itza

Ninth century - sought to dampen hostility and arrange large political structure

Commoners

drafted to construct temples, pyramids, altars, statues and tombs. Paid harvest as tribute.

Cotton

fine, highly prized textiles

Early agriculture in Mesoamerica 7000 BC

Squashes, beans, chili peppers, avacados, gourds

Fall of Mayan

Invasion, civil war, failure of water control, destruction of forests, epidemics, earthquakes

Influence of Olmecs

Astronomy, calendar for seasons, writing system, human sacrifice, ball game, ceremonial centers

Maya

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.

Maya

Southern Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, fertile soil excellent for agriculture, Built terraces that trapped silt from rivers to grow maize

Maya Ball game

From Olmecs, pitted two teams (2-4 members) against each other. Played for sport, gambling, signing of treaties, and choosing of sacrifice

Maya politics

Organized into city kingdoms

Maya warfare

Kingdoms were constantly at war and most captives become slaves or sacrifices

Mayan Intellectual acheivements

Calenr, Elaborate writing, Predicted planetary cycles and eclipses, 0, calculated length of solar year

Mayan Writing

Most flexible and sophisticated of all early American systems. Contained ideographs AND symbols based on Olmec.

Merchants

Generally rulers/nobles, also acted as ambassadors

Mesoamerica

From central Mexico to Honduras/El Salvador

Mississippian culture

The Mississippian culture was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. The Mississippian (archaeological) Stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the Mississippian way of life continued among their descendants. There are many regional variants of the Mississippian way of life, which are treated together in this article.

Mochica Society 300-700 C.E,

Northern Peru, Andean state, no writing, Decline due to climactic fluctuations

Nobility

owned most land, participated in military and religious rituals

Olmec

Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.

Olmecs

Ancient society, first ceremonial center arose 1200 BC Rainfall so no irrigation but complex drainage systems. Most notable feature is giant heads

Peru and Bolivia

geography discourages communication within and between Andean cultures (as well as with Native Americans)

Polynesian migrations

most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north.

Popol Vuh

Mayan Creation Myth, Gods created humans out of flesh and water. Gods keep world going and agriculture functioning in exchange for sacrifices from human beings - bloodletting

Priests

wrote Calendar, transmitted written knowledge, Astronomy and math

Teotihuacan

Notable for pyramid of sun (largests structure in Mesoamerica) and moon

Tikal

The most important Mayan political center between the 4th and 9th cenuries

Artisans and merchants in Mexica society

Skilled artisans who work with elite products - very privileged. Long distance merchants - supplied exotic products and military intelligence. Seen as greedy, often extorted by the wealthy.

Aztec Government

No Bureaucracy or administration, Local governance and tribute collection conducted by conquered people, Didn't keep a standing army, keep subjects in line with fear of punitive attack

Cahokia

The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.

Calpulli

originally clans or family groups, just a way for groups to live together, organize affairs, and allocate property

Chichen Itza

A large city Mayan kingdom. They accoustomed captives into their own society. Organzied an empire that brought political stability to northen Yucatan, who it lost its empire to.

Chimu

South American lowland kingdom 10th century, Irrigation using rivers from mountains

Chinampa Agriculture

Dredged muck from lack bottom and piled into small plots. maize, beans, sqaush, tomatoes, chilis, peppers year round

Chucuito

South American-one of the regional states that dominated after Moche and Chavin after 12th century, around lake Titicaca, Potatoes, Llamas and Alpacas, domesticated guinea pigs

Cultivators and slaves in Mexica society

Majority of population cultivates chinampas and fields allocated by calpulli, work on aristocratic lands, public works, deliver tribute, slaves were few and usually domestic help, (criminals or young members of family)

Cuzco

Administrative, Religious, ceremonial center of Incas

Fall of Toltec empire

1125 CE, conflicts between ethnic groups in Tula, Mid 12th century- nomadic migrants from northwest move in,

Inca administration

Invented by Pachacuti, Taxes support administrators and rulers, State owned storehouses contain surplus supplies, Extensive roads allow quick communication,

Inca Military

Armies are conquered people, Encouraged subject loyalty by taking the rulers and forcing them to live at the capital. Also provided land and economic

Inca Ruling Elites

Chief ruler - deity descended from the sun, owned all land, properties and livestock, Mummified on death, became intermediaries with the god

Inca Trade

No large class of merchants and skilled artisans, Locals bartered agricultural surplus and handicrafts, Central Government conducted long distance trade, prohibited independent merchants

Incan ayllu system

several families who live together, share land animals tools crops and work. Allocate land to individual families, work on state lands and public works.

Incan Chief ruler

supervised bureaucratic aristocrats who assigned land to families for cultivation

Iroquois nations 1400s

Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca. Women - manage villages and longhouses, supervised cultivation

Iroquois People

Large scale agriculture in woodlands east of Mississippi, Settled communities surrounded by wooden palisades

Itzocoatl and Motecuzoma I

The obsidian serpent and an emperor who led the Aztecs, conquer, kill natives and colonize

Mexica human sacrifice

Subjects = criminals, neighboring people, warriors captured in battle,

Mexica Military elite

mostly comes from established aristocracy, get instruction and opportunities, commoners could distinguish themselves through military feats

Mexica women

Played no role in political affairs. Influenced family, honored as mothers of warriors, no inheritance,

Mita System

economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced

Mound- building people

Stages for ceremonies, platforms for dwellings, burial sights, Cahokia Mound near east St. Louis illinois