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Angles and Saxons
a member of a Germanic people that inhabited parts of central and northern Germany
Charlemagne
king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor;
Clovis
early King of the Franks
feudalism
the dominant social system in medieval Europe based on gifts of land
Franks
a member of a Germanic people that conquered Gaul
Great Schism
1054 division of Christianity- Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
Magyar
a member of a people who originated in the Urals and migrated westward to settle in what is now Hungary
manor
a large country house with lands; the principal house of a landed estate.
medieval period
lasted from 5th to 15th century
monasticism
asceticism as a form of religious life
pagans
person holding religious beliefs other than those of the rest of the world
Roman Emperor
sovereign of the Roman Empire
serfs
an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.
Viking
any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe
visigoth
a member of the branch of the Goths who invaded the Roman Empire
Age grades
Bantu concept in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age.
bananas
Which food, first domesticated in southeast Asia, provided a nutritious supplement to Bantu diets and allowed the Bantu to expand into forested regions?
Bantu
By 1000, most parts of Africa south of the equator had been settled by people speaking what language?
camel
One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was the increased use of the
Conversion to Islam by east African merchants and princes did not
eliminate native religions
family and kinship groups.
In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies governed themselves mostly through
Gao (Africa)
A port trading center on the Niger River during the Mali empire.
Ghana
The most powerful state in west Africa at the time of the arrival of Islam was
Great Zimbabwe
A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.
Griot
An African musician-storyteller essential to oral storytelling tradition of sub-Saharan Africa.
Ibn Battuta
Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records
In the smaller states of sub-Saharan Africa, the chief considerations for determining social position were
kinship, age groupings, and sex and gender expectations.
Just as the kingdoms of west Africa were linked to the wider world by trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa were linked mainly by
Indian Ocean trade
Kilwa
City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean.
Kilwa
City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean.
Kingdom of Kongo
Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.
Malaria
A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.
Mali (Africa)
Major trading kingdom in the west, empire divided into provinces ruled by a governor
Mali would reach its peak during the reign of
Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa
The grandnephew of Sundiata who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Upon his return, he built mosques and Islamic schools in Mali.
matrilineal descent
a kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant
Mecca
City conquered by Muhammad in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected mosques.
Solomonic Dynasty
Group in Ethiopia (1300s) claiming descent from Israelite kings.
Songhay Empire
A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.
Stateless societies
Term relating to societies such as those of sub-Saharan Africa after the Bantu migrations that featured decentralized rule through family and kinship groups instead of strongly centralized hierarchies.
Sundiata
The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260
The founder of the kingdom of Mali was
Sundiata
The Swahili city-states
dominated trade along the east African coast
Timbuktu
Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning
Zanj Rebellion
A series of revolts by slaves working on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia, led by Ali bin Muhammad
Andean societies
developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.
Andean Valley politics
Conquerors unify valleys and organize into states, built irrigation in lower valleys
Cacao
Consumed by nobles, used powder for beverage and sometimes used beans as money
Chavin Cult
In modern Peru, arose with maize? Made complex stone carvings
Chichen Itza
Ninth century - sought to dampen hostility and arrange large political structure
Commoners
drafted to construct temples, pyramids, altars, statues and tombs. Paid harvest as tribute.
Cotton
fine, highly prized textiles
Early agriculture in Mesoamerica 7000 BC
Squashes, beans, chili peppers, avacados, gourds
Fall of Mayan
Invasion, civil war, failure of water control, destruction of forests, epidemics, earthquakes
Influence of Olmecs
Astronomy, calendar for seasons, writing system, human sacrifice, ball game, ceremonial centers
Maya
Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.
Maya
Southern Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, fertile soil excellent for agriculture, Built terraces that trapped silt from rivers to grow maize
Maya Ball game
From Olmecs, pitted two teams (2-4 members) against each other. Played for sport, gambling, signing of treaties, and choosing of sacrifice
Maya politics
Organized into city kingdoms
Maya warfare
Kingdoms were constantly at war and most captives become slaves or sacrifices
Mayan Intellectual acheivements
Calenr, Elaborate writing, Predicted planetary cycles and eclipses, 0, calculated length of solar year
Mayan Writing
Most flexible and sophisticated of all early American systems. Contained ideographs AND symbols based on Olmec.
Merchants
Generally rulers/nobles, also acted as ambassadors
Mesoamerica
From central Mexico to Honduras/El Salvador
Mississippian culture
The Mississippian culture was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. The Mississippian (archaeological) Stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the Mississippian way of life continued among their descendants. There are many regional variants of the Mississippian way of life, which are treated together in this article.
Mochica Society 300-700 C.E,
Northern Peru, Andean state, no writing, Decline due to climactic fluctuations
Nobility
owned most land, participated in military and religious rituals
Olmec
Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.
Olmecs
Ancient society, first ceremonial center arose 1200 BC Rainfall so no irrigation but complex drainage systems. Most notable feature is giant heads
Peru and Bolivia
geography discourages communication within and between Andean cultures (as well as with Native Americans)
Polynesian migrations
most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north.
Popol Vuh
Mayan Creation Myth, Gods created humans out of flesh and water. Gods keep world going and agriculture functioning in exchange for sacrifices from human beings - bloodletting
Priests
wrote Calendar, transmitted written knowledge, Astronomy and math
Teotihuacan
Notable for pyramid of sun (largests structure in Mesoamerica) and moon
Tikal
The most important Mayan political center between the 4th and 9th cenuries
Artisans and merchants in Mexica society
Skilled artisans who work with elite products - very privileged. Long distance merchants - supplied exotic products and military intelligence. Seen as greedy, often extorted by the wealthy.
Aztec Government
No Bureaucracy or administration, Local governance and tribute collection conducted by conquered people, Didn't keep a standing army, keep subjects in line with fear of punitive attack
Cahokia
The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.
Calpulli
originally clans or family groups, just a way for groups to live together, organize affairs, and allocate property
Chichen Itza
A large city Mayan kingdom. They accoustomed captives into their own society. Organzied an empire that brought political stability to northen Yucatan, who it lost its empire to.
Chimu
South American lowland kingdom 10th century, Irrigation using rivers from mountains
Chinampa Agriculture
Dredged muck from lack bottom and piled into small plots. maize, beans, sqaush, tomatoes, chilis, peppers year round
Chucuito
South American-one of the regional states that dominated after Moche and Chavin after 12th century, around lake Titicaca, Potatoes, Llamas and Alpacas, domesticated guinea pigs
Cultivators and slaves in Mexica society
Majority of population cultivates chinampas and fields allocated by calpulli, work on aristocratic lands, public works, deliver tribute, slaves were few and usually domestic help, (criminals or young members of family)
Cuzco
Administrative, Religious, ceremonial center of Incas
Fall of Toltec empire
1125 CE, conflicts between ethnic groups in Tula, Mid 12th century- nomadic migrants from northwest move in,
Inca administration
Invented by Pachacuti, Taxes support administrators and rulers, State owned storehouses contain surplus supplies, Extensive roads allow quick communication,
Inca Military
Armies are conquered people, Encouraged subject loyalty by taking the rulers and forcing them to live at the capital. Also provided land and economic
Inca Ruling Elites
Chief ruler - deity descended from the sun, owned all land, properties and livestock, Mummified on death, became intermediaries with the god
Inca Trade
No large class of merchants and skilled artisans, Locals bartered agricultural surplus and handicrafts, Central Government conducted long distance trade, prohibited independent merchants
Incan ayllu system
several families who live together, share land animals tools crops and work. Allocate land to individual families, work on state lands and public works.
Incan Chief ruler
supervised bureaucratic aristocrats who assigned land to families for cultivation
Iroquois nations 1400s
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca. Women - manage villages and longhouses, supervised cultivation
Iroquois People
Large scale agriculture in woodlands east of Mississippi, Settled communities surrounded by wooden palisades
Itzocoatl and Motecuzoma I
The obsidian serpent and an emperor who led the Aztecs, conquer, kill natives and colonize
Mexica human sacrifice
Subjects = criminals, neighboring people, warriors captured in battle,
Mexica Military elite
mostly comes from established aristocracy, get instruction and opportunities, commoners could distinguish themselves through military feats
Mexica women
Played no role in political affairs. Influenced family, honored as mothers of warriors, no inheritance,
Mita System
economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced
Mound- building people
Stages for ceremonies, platforms for dwellings, burial sights, Cahokia Mound near east St. Louis illinois
