Things that DEF coming up on the AP World Exam

what would we do without Heimler? NOTE: I wasn’t able to add everything onto here before the exam (May 15th, 2024) but mostly everything is on here except some unit 8/9 stuff and some vocab words!

caste system in India

“Purity” may refer to the Indian caste system; the Hindu system that is still in use today and affects how many people get jobs and positions, which affects them and the country economically, socially, and politically

Dynastic Cycle:

Each dynasty of China rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak and then, because of moral corruption, declines, loses the MANDATE OF HEAVEN, and falls, only to be replaced by the next dynasty. This cycle then repeats as the decades pass.

Filial Piety:

the important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one’s parents and elderly family members.

Buddhism ain’t about what?

Buddhism IS NOT about the family

The internal turmoil and disunity resulting from the Sunni-Shi’ite schism was over what?

who should replace Muhammad

diffusion of Islam

Expansionism by caliphates such as the Ummayad Caliphate diffused Islam into places like the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal)

Syncretism:

the blending of 2 religions

Governors =

bureaucracy

3 types of Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism

5 Pillars of Islam

shahadah, salah, zakat, sawm, haij

The Abbasid Caliphate was ethnically what?

ETHNICALLY ARAB

Shifts in the government of Muslim empires (1200-1450)

While Muslim empires were still around during 1200-1450, they were now ruled by ETHNIC TURKS, not ETHNIC ARABS

Continuity & Change in Governments: Muslim Empires (1200-1450)

During 1200-1450, the dominance of Arab Muslim empires was fading, and Turkic Muslim empires were taking their place. However, sharia law and a militaristic government was used by both Turkic and Arab empires, showing continuity over time.

Many conversions to Islam in South Asia were due to:

SUFI MISSIONARIES

Decentralized & Centralized Governments in the Americas (1200-1450):

The Aztecs were mostly decentralized in how they ruled while the Incas were more centralized

This is an example of something that WASN’T a Chinese innovation:

Song China didn’t have a common written language; instead, people spoke different versions of the Chinese language.

chinampa system

-Created by the Aztecs (Mexica people)

-Whole gardens that floated on top of the water, allowing the roots to have direct access to water; this innovative system also allowed for an increased food supply, which led to population growth and overall improvement in health, much like the Three-Field System in Feudal Europe

Cultural Diffusion:

various ideas and cultural traits were exchanged through trade (ie. The Silk Road)

Networks of Exchange

The Silk Road & other trade routes

“Flying Money”:

Chinese system in which merchants and their families could receive a financial paper in one region and then go to another region and exchange that same paper for coins (basically like exchanging a $10 for 200 nickels)

Bill of Exchange:

very similar to “flying money” (this is what it was called by the Chinese btw); a merchant could trade in a bill for money (this was in Europe instead)

Caravanserai:

random “hotels” that were usually located in areas along the Silk Road and other frequently traveled trading routes. Provided protection from thiefs and caused CULTURAL EXCHANGE & DIFFUSION (ie. sufi missionaries spreading islam, christian missionaries spreading christianity, spread of other religions, spread of different cultures)

Frame & Mattress Saddle:

Mainly used on camels; (also why do I need to know this bros but anyway) allowed merchants to carry double the load of a regular saddle

Trading Cities:

Kashgar & Samarkand; also allowed for cultural exchange & diffusion

Proto-Industrialization (def by our Lord and Savior Heimler):

A process by which China (and other states) began producing more goods than their own population could consume, which were then sold in distant markets.

Pax Mongolica

century of peace under Mongol rule AFTER they plundered and murdered everyone and everything 💀💀💀

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese philosophy where one person is guarenteed the right to rule by the heavens

Three-Field System in Feudal Europe

didn’t deplete soil, but allowed soil to regain nutrients and nitrogen back by rotating through 3 crops

Mongol Policy 1: Not killing skilled peoples (Heimler def):

because it was the Mongol policy to send skilled people to all different parts of the empire, that movement encouraged the transfer of technology and ideas and culture.

Areas where women had more freedom (as they should):

Songhay Kingdom in West Africa & The Mongolian Empire

Areas where women DID NOT have much freedom:

• Song China & Korea

• Korea was influenced by how the Chinese treated women and even imposed stricter restrictions on Korean women

• both Korean & Chinese women were held under strict restrictions influenced by CONFUCIANISM

CONFUCIANISM (KNOW THIS)

belief heavily based on ethics; government officials should live lives of virtue (be virtuous) so that the people they ruled would follow their example; the Chinese Imperial Bureaucracy heavily based their society and govt on this ideal

Simony

a medieval church practice that involved the buying and selling of things of a spiritual nature, including church offices

Zheng He

Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during the early Ming dynasty often regarded as the greatest admiral in Chinese history. Greatly expanded the economic reach of China in India, Africa, and various countries in the Middle East

Maritime

“sea-based”

magnetic compass

Invented during the Chinese Han Dynasty, it is a navigation instrument used for determining direction; allowed ships to travel without hugging shores

lateen sails

Triangle-shaped sails whose design allowed ships to sail against the wind. These sails were perfected by Arab traders.

astrolabe

Measurement device to determine latitude; mix of Greek and Persian (also used to see stars or chart them)

monsoon winds

alternating wind currents that blew eastward across the Indian Ocean in the summer and westward in the winter, facilitating trade; knowledge of these winds allowed for better trade (like knowing the right time to go trade and stuff);

chinese junk

ancient Chinese sailing ship design that is still in use today. Developed during the Song Dynasty and were used as seagoing vessels as early as the 2nd century CE.

arab dhows

arab ships that had triangular sails (lateen sails!)

goods traded on the silk roads

silk, porcelain

goods traded during indian ocean trade

cotton textiles, grains, luxury goods

strait of malacca

the shortest shipping route between the Far East and the Indian Ocean. The Malaccan Sultanate shoved taxes onto ships passing through (which economically benefitted them; sea-based empire)

diaspora (MUST KNOW; Heimler def):

*means “disperse”

• a group of people from one place who establish a home in another place while retaining their cultural customs

cultural and technological changes that came through trade

Merchants brought their religion & culture along with their goods, causing an increase in diasporas, cultural exchange, and the spread of various religions, such as Islam. (the spread of these items is just as significant as the goods that were traded)

trans-saharan goods

gold, kola nuts, horses, salt

kola nuts

basically a super important nut that was traded; must know for ap exam

mansa musa

Leader of Mali; Muslim; the richest man in world history; ruined the value of the currency of Egypt and its economy, causing it to collapse.

haij

pilgrimage to mecca (muslim holy site)

guano

• bird/bat poop (yes I’m serious) which is full of nitrates and other stuff which was used as fertilizer for crops.

• found in Peru, Chile, etc.

chan buddhism

buddhism + confucianism; good example of syncretism

zen buddhism

branch of Buddhism in JAPAN (syncretism between Buddhism + Shintoism)

neo-confucianism

“edited version” of Confucianism used by the Song Dynasty, who modified Confucianism to meet their needs.

Swahili language

mixture of Bantu & Arabic; good example of a cultural transfer between peoples

House of Wisdom

big library located in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate

effects of trade on cities

for all trading cities, the expansion of trading networks only increased their influence and that resulted in an increase in productivity in those places.

sacking of Baghdad

Mongols destroyed the place; caused a decline for the city and brought the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.

sacking of Constantinople

Ottomans destroyed the city and renamed it Istanbul; brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.

Ibn Battuta

Muslim scholar from Morocco; traveled all over Dar-al-Islam and wrote extensive notes about people, places, culture, and rulers.

Marco Polo

Traveled from Italy to China and throughout the Indian Ocean; wrote about the mass wealth and grandeur of China and the court of Kublai Khan, which opened the eyes of many European readers.

Margery Kemp

Christian mystic; while illiterate, she recited her stories of travel to others who wrote them down for her; made pilgrimages to Christianity’s holy sites.

bubonic plague

spread by the Mongols; a consequence of connectivity (allowed the disease to spread quickly)

Important Foods (1200-1450):

-cirtus fruits, bananas, yams, champa rice

-these foods allowed for better health, more variation in diets, and a healthier lifestyle, causing population growth

population growth

more food = more babies

champa rice

durable, drought-resistant strain of rice introduced in China through the Champa Kingdom in Vietnam; could be harvested twice a year and caused significant population growth in China.

civil service exam

exam that opened up the Chinese Imperial Bureaucracy to more people, mostly rich men

Hangzhou

Song capital city; a cosmopolitan metropolis w/ active centers of commerce & entertainment (could be considered a trading city)

diasporic community

a settlement/community of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland

gunpowder

originally invented in China; through networks of exchange, it spread to Muslim Empires & Eastern European states.

tribute system

system in China where other countries gave “tribute” to China so that China wouldn’t occupy them

the mongol empire

• established the largest land-based empire of all time

• networks of exchange increased significantly

• facilitated technological and cultural transfers (created the conditions to transfer Arabic knowledge to Europe, Uyghur script)

practice question 1 (from Albert): Which of the following improvements in transportation technology most likely led to the expansion of the Indian Ocean trade routes to include Africa?

Knowledge of monsoon winds allowed ships to travel larger distances, including the African coast.

gunpowder empires

• these empires were land-based

• each empire was expanding geographically

• main cause of that expansion was the adoption of gunpowder weapons

dardanelles

chokepoint near Ottoman Empire that they used to launch multiple campaigns of expansion

ottoman vs. safavid empire: religious conflict

• safavid empire declared themselves as a shi’a muslim state, whereas the ottomans where sunni muslims

• they clashed over who should be the sucessor of Muhammad, with the Shi’as saying it should be a blood relative and the Sunnis saying it should be an elected individual

mughal empire

• sunni muslims:

• Akbar: tolerant of all religions

ming dynasty

• ETHNICALLY HAN: after the Mongols went away they became ethnically chinese again

qing dynasty

• manchu people: they were not ethnically han, so clashes between them and the ethnically han occurred

Safavid-Mughal Conflict

religious conflict over who was the rightful heir to previous Muslim dynasties; sunnis v shi’as

legitimizing power (MUST KNOW):

refers to the methods the ruler uses to communicate to all their subjects WHO is in charge

consolidating power (MUST KNOW):

Measures a ruler uses to take power from other groups and claim it for himself/herself

bureaucracy

a body of government officials responsible for administering the empire and ensures the laws are being kept

ottoman devshirme system

a system by which the Ottomans staffed their imperial bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, most of whom were enslaved (ie: christian boys)

janissaries

highly-trained ottoman military officials

palace of versailles

The place WHERE Louis XVI consolidated his power by forcing the French nobility to live in the palace, taking away their power and indirectly giving himself the highest seat of power

sale of indulgences

the church started handing out slips of paper that pardoned your “sins”; gaslighting people in the name of religion

95 theses

Martin Luther’s complaints about the Church (they were his opps fr)

printing press

allowed information to be available to all parts of the globe; caused increased communication between states and caused an increased amount of people to become literate (allowing them to be smarter and create better political and economic ideas)

land-based empire

an empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings

astronomical charts

diagrams of stars & constellations (influenced by Greeks)

shipbuilding innovations (unit 4)

• Caravel (Portugal)

• Carrack (Portugal)

• Fluyt (Dutch)

Columbian Exchange:

the transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern & Western hemispheres.

cash cropping

a method of agriculture in which foods are grown primarily for export to other places

chattel slavery

• race-based

• became hereditary (was passed onto children)

• ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and can be bought and sold like property

encomienda system

labor system used by the Spanish where they forced indigenous peoples to work for them in exchange for food, protection, & other necessities (similar to FEUDALISM)

hacienda system

• glorified Spanish plantations

• more focused on the economics of food exports

five relationships of Confucianism

• ruler & subject

• father & son

• elder brother & younger brother (big bro and lil bro)

• husband & wife

• friend & friend (amigos)

Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism

Theravada developed in India and southeast Asia and is simpler and more closely related to the original teachings of Buddha than Mahayana. Mahayana is primarily practiced in East Asia and involves more ritual practices and ceremonies that are unrelated to the teachings of Buddha.

seljuks

a prominent Turkic nomadic people who played a significant role in the history of the Islamic world during the medieval period