unit 8 test review

Growth hormone

Responsible for growth of the body; produced in pituitary gland

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Maintains water balance; produced in the pituitary gland

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates release of thyroid hormones; produced in the pituitary gland

Prolactin (PRL)

Stimulates production of milk in the mammary glands; produced in the pituitary gland

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males; produced in the pituitary gland

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Stimulates sperm and egg production; produced in the pituitary gland

Oxytocin

Stimulates labor and lactation in females; sperm in seminal fluid in males. Produced in the pituitary gland

Melatonin

Regulates sleep cycles; produced in the pineal body

T3 and T4

Stimulates growth and development; regulates metabolism (energy): produced in the thyroid gland

Calcitonin

Increases calcium deposits into bones; produced n the thyroid gland

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Increases calcium in the blood; removes calcium from the bones

Thymocins (thymopoietin)

Responsible for immune system development and maintenance; produced in the thymus

Adrenal Sex Hormones

Responsible for secondary sex characteristics

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Stabilizes blood glucose; produced in the adrenal glands

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Responsible for salt balance/regulates blood pressure; produced in the adrenal glands

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Produced in the medulla (inner part) of the adrenal glands; involved in the "Fight or Flight" response

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids and Sex Hormones

Produced in the cortex (outer part) of the adrenal glands

Insulin

Decreases blood sugar (promotes uptake of sugar by the cells); produced in the pancreas

Glucagon

Increases blood sugar (promotes release of sugar into the blood stream); produced in the pancreas

Estrogen and Progesterone

Produced in the ovaries; responsible for female development

Testosterone

Responsible for male development; poduced in the testes

Gigantism

Hyperpituitarism usually caused by brain tumor

Acromegaly

Characterized by enlargement of the hands, feet and jaw

Dwarfism

Hypopituitarism in children

Hypopituitarism in adults

Symptoms includes infertility, hair loss and metabolic disorders

Diabetes insipidus

Deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH); symptoms include polydipsia and polyuria

Vasopressin

Treatment of Diabetes insipidus

Hyperthyroidism

Symptoms include goiter, exophthalmos, hypertension, tachycardia, nervousness and hyperactivity; caused by of overproduction of T3/T4

Graves' disease

Hyperthyroidism due to malfunction of the immune system

Hypothyroidism

Deficiency of T4 produced in the thyroid

Myxedema

Hypothyroidism in adults

Congenital hypothyroidism

Cretinism

Cretinism

Symptoms include short, stocky stature, protruding tongue and abdomen, mental challenges, puffy face with broad nose, poor muscle tone and delayed sexual development

Hashimoto's disease

Hypothyroidism due to an auto-immune response wherein WBC's attack and destroy the thyroid

Simple Goiter

May be caused by an iodine deficiency or eating foods that prevent absorption of dietary iodine such as soy, peaches, peanuts, spinach, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and seaweed

Hyperparathyroidism

Symptoms include hypercalcemia, bone weakness leading to fractures, osteoporosis, kidney stones, and arrhythmia

Hypoparathyroidism

Symptoms include muscle pain, tetany (muscles spasms) and hypocalcemia; caused by a deficiency of PTH

Medulla

Inner part of the adrenal glands; produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Cortex

Outer part of the adrenal glands; produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones)

Conn's Syndrome

Symptoms include low potassium levels increased blood pH, hypertension; caused by overproduction of aldosterone

Cushing's Syndrome

Symptoms include moon-shaped face, rotund body with pencil thin arms and legs, buffalo hump, striae (stretch marks), fatigue and hypertension; overproduction of cortisol

Androgenital Syndrome

Symptoms include early (precocious) puberty. In females, deep voice, excessive hair growth and amenorrhea. In males, gynecomastia and testicular atrophy; hereditary condition caused by overproduction of the sex hormones

Addison's disease

Hypoadrenalism; symptoms may include diarrhea and dehydration, hypoglycemia and change in skin pigmentation

Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and 2)

Symptoms include polydipsia, polyuria, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, fatigue, polyphagia with weight loss, poor wound healing, excessive sweating, ketone smell to breath

Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) caused by auto-immune destruction of Islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas that leads to the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin.

Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2

Non-insulin dependent diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) caused by wearing out of Islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas due to lifelong over-consumption of carbohydrates. Results in faulty receptors of body cells that are not able to properly respond to insulin that is produced.

Gestational Diabetes

Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar; symptoms include light-headedness, trembling, mental confusion, and sweating.

Hypergonadism

Overproduction of testosterone or estrogen in children leading to early puberty

Hypogonadism

Decreased production of testosterone or estrogen by normal puberty. Treated with hormone supplements.

Polyuria

Excessive urination

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Hypotension

Low blood pressure

Hypercalcemia

High levels of calcium in the blood

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar

Glycosuria

Sugar in the urine

Polyphagia

Excessive hunger

Exophthalmos

Bulging eyes

Goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Adenoma

Benign tumor of a gland

Tetany

Irritability to muscles, leads to muscle spasms

Complications of diabetes mellitus

Heart attack, stroke (CVA), kidney failure, blindness (diabetic retinopathy), slow wound healing, amputation due to gangrene

Treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Insulin injections, strict diet, exercise and regular monitoring of insulin levels

Treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Oral medications, strict diet and exercise

Pituitary gland

Master gland of the endocrine system. Produces hormones which regulate other endocrine glands. Stabilizes the levels of hormones in the body so they don't become too high or too low.

Pancreas

Exocrine gland which secretes digestive enzymes into the stomach to aid in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Also functions as an endocrine gland responsible for regulating blood sugar concentrations.

Osteoporosis

Low bone density which results in increased risk for bone fractures. Diagnosed by a bone density test with a T score of -2.5 or less.

Calcium phosphate

A mineral that makes bone hard and strong. Increases bone density.

Collagen

A protein that forms a porous framework for building bone