Identifying Information From a Passage Quiz

Is There Anybody Out There?

For over fifty years, scientists and those fascinated with outer space have been looking for signs of intelligent life in the vast universe. Although various conspiracy theorists have debated potential sights of unidentified foreign objects and even extra-terrestrial beings, these theories lack scientific evidence. In fact, other than one small signal picked up by a powerful radio telescope in 1977, scientists have not received any communication from neighboring planets. Most scientists have understood this lack of communication as a sign that Earth is the only planet in our solar system that contains existing life forms, but does research support this idea?

At first, scientists were open to the idea that living beings may have existed on planets other than Earth. This was because it was initially speculated that the universe could possibly be full of habitable planets conducive to life. However, research regarding temperature shifts on certain planets across time has disproved this theory. Data has shown that four billion years ago, planets such as Venus, Earth, and Mars, could all have been habitable. However, within approximately a billion years from their birth, the temperature changes they experienced eliminated these possibilities. Mars, for instance, became very cold, whereas Venus developed into an extremely hot planet. Thus, even if Mars and Venus were once home to initial life forms, they may not have been able to keep up with the rapidly changing environmental conditions.

Once astronomers and astrobiologists understood the reality of atmospheric pressures on other planets, they relied on new theories to shed new light on the matter. They learned that the atmospheres of different planets are quite delicate and that they are not stable enough to support advanced life forms. For a planet to be effectively habitable, it must have strong atmospheric stability, which is achieved through the greenhouse effect, a process that occurs as gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the Sun. Without this possibility, surface temperatures are not suitable for life forms.

Of all the planets in the Solar System, Earth has managed to play a leading role in stabilizing its climate. This is why it could not only provide, but also maintain, an environment in which humans could evolve. Since Earth is the only planet known to have this capability, it is highly improbable that the Solar System contains other intelligent life forms that would be able to interact with human beings on Earth. However, this theory does not eliminate the possibility of finding fossilized life forms on other planets. If fossils were to be found on other planets, researchers believe that they would likely only be microbial in nature, further confirming that the atmospheric pressures on different planets would not support advanced life forms.

Which of the following supports the idea that Earth is likely the only planet in the Solar System with sustainable life forms?

Earth is the only planet known to maintain a stabilized climate.

Is There Anybody Out There?

For over fifty years, scientists and those fascinated with outer space have been looking for signs of intelligent life in the vast universe. Although various conspiracy theorists have debated potential sights of unidentified foreign objects and even extra-terrestrial beings, these theories lack scientific evidence. In fact, other than one small signal picked up by a powerful radio telescope in 1977, scientists have not received any communication from neighboring planets. Most scientists have understood this lack of communication as a sign that Earth is the only planet in our solar system that contains existing life forms, but does research support this idea?

At first, scientists were open to the idea that living beings may have existed on planets other than Earth. This was because it was initially speculated that the universe could possibly be full of habitable planets conducive to life. However, research regarding temperature shifts on certain planets across time has disproved this theory. Data has shown that four billion years ago, planets such as Venus, Earth, and Mars, could all have been habitable. However, within approximately a billion years from their birth, the temperature changes they experienced eliminated these possibilities. Mars, for instance, became very cold, whereas Venus developed into an extremely hot planet. Thus, even if Mars and Venus were once home to initial life forms, they may not have been able to keep up with the rapidly changing environmental conditions.

Once astronomers and astrobiologists understood the reality of atmospheric pressures on other planets, they relied on new theories to shed new light on the matter. They learned that the atmospheres of different planets are quite delicate and that they are not stable enough to support advanced life forms. For a planet to be effectively habitable, it must have strong atmospheric stability, which is achieved through the greenhouse effect, a process that occurs as gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the Sun. Without this possibility, surface temperatures are not suitable for life forms.

Of all the planets in the Solar System, Earth has managed to play a leading role in stabilizing its climate. This is why it could not only provide, but also maintain, an environment in which humans could evolve. Since Earth is the only planet known to have this capability, it is highly improbable that the Solar System contains other intelligent life forms that would be able to interact with human beings on Earth. However, this theory does not eliminate the possibility of finding fossilized life forms on other planets. If fossils were to be found on other planets, researchers believe that they would likely only be microbial in nature, further confirming that the atmospheric pressures on different planets would not support advanced life forms.

Based on the text, how have scientists come to the conclusion that advanced life forms have probably not existed on other planets?

By examining communication with other planets, as well as by comparing their environments to that of Earth.

Is There Anybody Out There?

For over fifty years, scientists and those fascinated with outer space have been looking for signs of intelligent life in the vast universe. Although various conspiracy theorists have debated potential sights of unidentified foreign objects and even extra-terrestrial beings, these theories lack scientific evidence. In fact, other than one small signal picked up by a powerful radio telescope in 1977, scientists have not received any communication from neighboring planets. Most scientists have understood this lack of communication as a sign that Earth is the only planet in our solar system that contains existing life forms, but does research support this idea?

At first, scientists were open to the idea that living beings may have existed on planets other than Earth. This was because it was initially speculated that the universe could possibly be full of habitable planets conducive to life. However, research regarding temperature shifts on certain planets across time has disproved this theory. Data has shown that four billion years ago, planets such as Venus, Earth, and Mars, could all have been habitable. However, within approximately a billion years from their birth, the temperature changes they experienced eliminated these possibilities. Mars, for instance, became very cold, whereas Venus developed into an extremely hot planet. Thus, even if Mars and Venus were once home to initial life forms, they may not have been able to keep up with the rapidly changing environmental conditions.

Once astronomers and astrobiologists understood the reality of atmospheric pressures on other planets, they relied on new theories to shed new light on the matter. They learned that the atmospheres of different planets are quite delicate and that they are not stable enough to support advanced life forms. For a planet to be effectively habitable, it must have strong atmospheric stability, which is achieved through the greenhouse effect, a process that occurs as gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the Sun. Without this possibility, surface temperatures are not suitable for life forms.

Of all the planets in the Solar System, Earth has managed to play a leading role in stabilizing its climate. This is why it could not only provide, but also maintain, an environment in which humans could evolve. Since Earth is the only planet known to have this capability, it is highly improbable that the Solar System contains other intelligent life forms that would be able to interact with human beings on Earth. However, this theory does not eliminate the possibility of finding fossilized life forms on other planets. If fossils were to be found on other planets, researchers believe that they would likely only be microbial in nature, further confirming that the atmospheric pressures on different planets would not support advanced life forms.

Which of the following details supports the counterargument that life could be found on other planets?

Researchers believe that fossils could potentially be found on other planets.

Is There Anybody Out There?

For over fifty years, scientists and those fascinated with outer space have been looking for signs of intelligent life in the vast universe. Although various conspiracy theorists have debated potential sights of unidentified foreign objects and even extra-terrestrial beings, these theories lack scientific evidence. In fact, other than one small signal picked up by a powerful radio telescope in 1977, scientists have not received any communication from neighboring planets. Most scientists have understood this lack of communication as a sign that Earth is the only planet in our solar system that contains existing life forms, but does research support this idea?

At first, scientists were open to the idea that living beings may have existed on planets other than Earth. This was because it was initially speculated that the universe could possibly be full of habitable planets conducive to life. However, research regarding temperature shifts on certain planets across time has disproved this theory. Data has shown that four billion years ago, planets such as Venus, Earth, and Mars, could all have been habitable. However, within approximately a billion years from their birth, the temperature changes they experienced eliminated these possibilities. Mars, for instance, became very cold, whereas Venus developed into an extremely hot planet. Thus, even if Mars and Venus were once home to initial life forms, they may not have been able to keep up with the rapidly changing environmental conditions.

Once astronomers and astrobiologists understood the reality of atmospheric pressures on other planets, they relied on new theories to shed new light on the matter. They learned that the atmospheres of different planets are quite delicate and that they are not stable enough to support advanced life forms. For a planet to be effectively habitable, it must have strong atmospheric stability, which is achieved through the greenhouse effect, a process that occurs as gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the Sun. Without this possibility, surface temperatures are not suitable for life forms.

Of all the planets in the Solar System, Earth has managed to play a leading role in stabilizing its climate. This is why it could not only provide, but also maintain, an environment in which humans could evolve. Since Earth is the only planet known to have this capability, it is highly improbable that the Solar System contains other intelligent life forms that would be able to interact with human beings on Earth. However, this theory does not eliminate the possibility of finding fossilized life forms on other planets. If fossils were to be found on other planets, researchers believe that they would likely only be microbial in nature, further confirming that the atmospheric pressures on different planets would not support advanced life forms.

Based on the text, why is it unlikely that scientists will travel to other planets in search of life?

Scientists have already determined that the environments on other planets are not suitable for life.

Is There Anybody Out There?

For over fifty years, scientists and those fascinated with outer space have been looking for signs of intelligent life in the vast universe. Although various conspiracy theorists have debated potential sights of unidentified foreign objects and even extra-terrestrial beings, these theories lack scientific evidence. In fact, other than one small signal picked up by a powerful radio telescope in 1977, scientists have not received any communication from neighboring planets. Most scientists have understood this lack of communication as a sign that Earth is the only planet in our solar system that contains existing life forms, but does research support this idea?

At first, scientists were open to the idea that living beings may have existed on planets other than Earth. This was because it was initially speculated that the universe could possibly be full of habitable planets conducive to life. However, research regarding temperature shifts on certain planets across time has disproved this theory. Data has shown that four billion years ago, planets such as Venus, Earth, and Mars, could all have been habitable. However, within approximately a billion years from their birth, the temperature changes they experienced eliminated these possibilities. Mars, for instance, became very cold, whereas Venus developed into an extremely hot planet. Thus, even if Mars and Venus were once home to initial life forms, they may not have been able to keep up with the rapidly changing environmental conditions.

Once astronomers and astrobiologists understood the reality of atmospheric pressures on other planets, they relied on new theories to shed new light on the matter. They learned that the atmospheres of different planets are quite delicate and that they are not stable enough to support advanced life forms. For a planet to be effectively habitable, it must have strong atmospheric stability, which is achieved through the greenhouse effect, a process that occurs as gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the Sun. Without this possibility, surface temperatures are not suitable for life forms.

Of all the planets in the Solar System, Earth has managed to play a leading role in stabilizing its climate. This is why it could not only provide, but also maintain, an environment in which humans could evolve. Since Earth is the only planet known to have this capability, it is highly improbable that the Solar System contains other intelligent life forms that would be able to interact with human beings on Earth. However, this theory does not eliminate the possibility of finding fossilized life forms on other planets. If fossils were to be found on other planets, researchers believe that they would likely only be microbial in nature, further confirming that the atmospheric pressures on different planets would not support advanced life forms.

Which of the following supports the idea that atmospheric pressure plays a pivotal role in the sustenance of life?

Scientists have learned that the atmospheres on different planets are not strong enough to support advanced life forms.

Interior Secrets of the Pyramids

History textbooks are likely to include photographs or illustrated depictions of ancient Egyptian pyramids, showcasing their grandeur and architectural wonder. Can the same be said for authentic depictions of the internal features of these pyramids though? Thanks to a new international mission exploring the various layers of famous pyramids, scientists plan to unravel these “interior design mysteries” through the use of advanced technology. They may even prove that past archaeological exploration projects have not been as extensive as was once imagined.

The four pyramids involved in the study include the two pyramids of Giza (Cheops and Chfren) along with the two pyramids of Dahshur, located south of Cairo. Initially, further research devoted to these structures seemed futile, as the 4,500-year-old pyramids have already been explored by experts. However, they have never been investigated using infrared technology, which could allow scientists to discover any additional hidden chambers in the pyramids without using destructive methods. In other words, the international team of researchers will be able to look through each structure using “X-ray vision” for the first time in history!

The primary technique in the project will involve directing beams of indirect cosmic rays on the pyramids themselves. When cosmic rays bombard a certain area in the atmosphere, they produce particles known as muons, which have a high ability to traverse matter. Although the properties of muons make them excellent options for “seeing” through the pyramids’ rocks, some of them would still be absorbed by the rocks themselves. To solve this problem, scientists will use tools that are able to detect any voids in the pyramids by analyzing the number of muons that have been blocked by the structure. Past evidence of this technique, used in some pyramids in South America, shows promising results.

The new technology will initially be implemented in the Rhomboid Pyramid in Dahshur, which was built by Pharaoh Sneferu approximately 4,600 years ago. The rhomboidal shape of this pyramid includes a double slope, which still puzzles scientists to this day. Most believe that the sloping side was an afterthought in construction or a quick solution to a collapsing wall. In addition to locating potential chambers inside of this pyramid, archaeologists are interested in finding any other clues that will explain the unique shape of its structure. Once testing has been wrapped up in Dahshur, the teams will make their way to Giza and use the technology once more. However, not all historians are onboard with the idea of using technology to explore these last two pyramids.

Despite the fact that this new technology could unearth hidden mysteries in the structures in Giza, some scientists argue that previous methods have already exhausted all possible chambers. Although it is true that the diverse chambers of the Pyramid of Cheops have already been verified, the new study will rule out the possibility of any additional, hidden spaces. Even if it does not lead to any new conclusions, it will prove as a testament to technology’s increasingly helpful ways of identifying the past.

Based on the text, why is infrared technology especially beneficial for the exploration of Egyptian Pyramids?

Infrared technology is non-destructive, allowing pyramids to remain intact.

Interior Secrets of the Pyramids

History textbooks are likely to include photographs or illustrated depictions of ancient Egyptian pyramids, showcasing their grandeur and architectural wonder. Can the same be said for authentic depictions of the internal features of these pyramids though? Thanks to a new international mission exploring the various layers of famous pyramids, scientists plan to unravel these “interior design mysteries” through the use of advanced technology. They may even prove that past archaeological exploration projects have not been as extensive as was once imagined.

The four pyramids involved in the study include the two pyramids of Giza (Cheops and Chfren) along with the two pyramids of Dahshur, located south of Cairo. Initially, further research devoted to these structures seemed futile, as the 4,500-year-old pyramids have already been explored by experts. However, they have never been investigated using infrared technology, which could allow scientists to discover any additional hidden chambers in the pyramids without using destructive methods. In other words, the international team of researchers will be able to look through each structure using “X-ray vision” for the first time in history!

The primary technique in the project will involve directing beams of indirect cosmic rays on the pyramids themselves. When cosmic rays bombard a certain area in the atmosphere, they produce particles known as muons, which have a high ability to traverse matter. Although the properties of muons make them excellent options for “seeing” through the pyramids’ rocks, some of them would still be absorbed by the rocks themselves. To solve this problem, scientists will use tools that are able to detect any voids in the pyramids by analyzing the number of muons that have been blocked by the structure. Past evidence of this technique, used in some pyramids in South America, shows promising results.

The new technology will initially be implemented in the Rhomboid Pyramid in Dahshur, which was built by Pharaoh Sneferu approximately 4,600 years ago. The rhomboidal shape of this pyramid includes a double slope, which still puzzles scientists to this day. Most believe that the sloping side was an afterthought in construction or a quick solution to a collapsing wall. In addition to locating potential chambers inside of this pyramid, archaeologists are interested in finding any other clues that will explain the unique shape of its structure. Once testing has been wrapped up in Dahshur, the teams will make their way to Giza and use the technology once more. However, not all historians are onboard with the idea of using technology to explore these last two pyramids.

Despite the fact that this new technology could unearth hidden mysteries in the structures in Giza, some scientists argue that previous methods have already exhausted all possible chambers. Although it is true that the diverse chambers of the Pyramid of Cheops have already been verified, the new study will rule out the possibility of any additional, hidden spaces. Even if it does not lead to any new conclusions, it will prove as a testament to technology’s increasingly helpful ways of identifying the past.

Which of the following supports the idea that the structure in the Rhomboid Pyramid in Dahshur is more complex than most?

The shape of the pyramid includes a double slope, which still puzzles scientists to this day.

Interior Secrets of the Pyramids

History textbooks are likely to include photographs or illustrated depictions of ancient Egyptian pyramids, showcasing their grandeur and architectural wonder. Can the same be said for authentic depictions of the internal features of these pyramids though? Thanks to a new international mission exploring the various layers of famous pyramids, scientists plan to unravel these “interior design mysteries” through the use of advanced technology. They may even prove that past archaeological exploration projects have not been as extensive as was once imagined.

The four pyramids involved in the study include the two pyramids of Giza (Cheops and Chfren) along with the two pyramids of Dahshur, located south of Cairo. Initially, further research devoted to these structures seemed futile, as the 4,500-year-old pyramids have already been explored by experts. However, they have never been investigated using infrared technology, which could allow scientists to discover any additional hidden chambers in the pyramids without using destructive methods. In other words, the international team of researchers will be able to look through each structure using “X-ray vision” for the first time in history!

The primary technique in the project will involve directing beams of indirect cosmic rays on the pyramids themselves. When cosmic rays bombard a certain area in the atmosphere, they produce particles known as muons, which have a high ability to traverse matter. Although the properties of muons make them excellent options for “seeing” through the pyramids’ rocks, some of them would still be absorbed by the rocks themselves. To solve this problem, scientists will use tools that are able to detect any voids in the pyramids by analyzing the number of muons that have been blocked by the structure. Past evidence of this technique, used in some pyramids in South America, shows promising results.

The new technology will initially be implemented in the Rhomboid Pyramid in Dahshur, which was built by Pharaoh Sneferu approximately 4,600 years ago. The rhomboidal shape of this pyramid includes a double slope, which still puzzles scientists to this day. Most believe that the sloping side was an afterthought in construction or a quick solution to a collapsing wall. In addition to locating potential chambers inside of this pyramid, archaeologists are interested in finding any other clues that will explain the unique shape of its structure. Once testing has been wrapped up in Dahshur, the teams will make their way to Giza and use the technology once more. However, not all historians are onboard with the idea of using technology to explore these last two pyramids.

Despite the fact that this new technology could unearth hidden mysteries in the structures in Giza, some scientists argue that previous methods have already exhausted all possible chambers. Although it is true that the diverse chambers of the Pyramid of Cheops have already been verified, the new study will rule out the possibility of any additional, hidden spaces. Even if it does not lead to any new conclusions, it will prove as a testament to technology’s increasingly helpful ways of identifying the past.

Based on the text, what is true about the architecture of ancient Egyptian Pyramids?

The architecture contains complex designs not typically used otherwise.

Interior Secrets of the Pyramids

History textbooks are likely to include photographs or illustrated depictions of ancient Egyptian pyramids, showcasing their grandeur and architectural wonder. Can the same be said for authentic depictions of the internal features of these pyramids though? Thanks to a new international mission exploring the various layers of famous pyramids, scientists plan to unravel these “interior design mysteries” through the use of advanced technology. They may even prove that past archaeological exploration projects have not been as extensive as was once imagined.

The four pyramids involved in the study include the two pyramids of Giza (Cheops and Chfren) along with the two pyramids of Dahshur, located south of Cairo. Initially, further research devoted to these structures seemed futile, as the 4,500-year-old pyramids have already been explored by experts. However, they have never been investigated using infrared technology, which could allow scientists to discover any additional hidden chambers in the pyramids without using destructive methods. In other words, the international team of researchers will be able to look through each structure using “X-ray vision” for the first time in history!

The primary technique in the project will involve directing beams of indirect cosmic rays on the pyramids themselves. When cosmic rays bombard a certain area in the atmosphere, they produce particles known as muons, which have a high ability to traverse matter. Although the properties of muons make them excellent options for “seeing” through the pyramids’ rocks, some of them would still be absorbed by the rocks themselves. To solve this problem, scientists will use tools that are able to detect any voids in the pyramids by analyzing the number of muons that have been blocked by the structure. Past evidence of this technique, used in some pyramids in South America, shows promising results.

The new technology will initially be implemented in the Rhomboid Pyramid in Dahshur, which was built by Pharaoh Sneferu approximately 4,600 years ago. The rhomboidal shape of this pyramid includes a double slope, which still puzzles scientists to this day. Most believe that the sloping side was an afterthought in construction or a quick solution to a collapsing wall. In addition to locating potential chambers inside of this pyramid, archaeologists are interested in finding any other clues that will explain the unique shape of its structure. Once testing has been wrapped up in Dahshur, the teams will make their way to Giza and use the technology once more. However, not all historians are onboard with the idea of using technology to explore these last two pyramids.

Despite the fact that this new technology could unearth hidden mysteries in the structures in Giza, some scientists argue that previous methods have already exhausted all possible chambers. Although it is true that the diverse chambers of the Pyramid of Cheops have already been verified, the new study will rule out the possibility of any additional, hidden spaces. Even if it does not lead to any new conclusions, it will prove as a testament to technology’s increasingly helpful ways of identifying the past.

Which of the following supports the idea that not all scientists agree on the novelty of this study?

Some scientists argue that previous methods have already found all possible chambers within the pyramids.

Interior Secrets of the Pyramids

History textbooks are likely to include photographs or illustrated depictions of ancient Egyptian pyramids, showcasing their grandeur and architectural wonder. Can the same be said for authentic depictions of the internal features of these pyramids though? Thanks to a new international mission exploring the various layers of famous pyramids, scientists plan to unravel these “interior design mysteries” through the use of advanced technology. They may even prove that past archaeological exploration projects have not been as extensive as was once imagined.

The four pyramids involved in the study include the two pyramids of Giza (Cheops and Chfren) along with the two pyramids of Dahshur, located south of Cairo. Initially, further research devoted to these structures seemed futile, as the 4,500-year-old pyramids have already been explored by experts. However, they have never been investigated using infrared technology, which could allow scientists to discover any additional hidden chambers in the pyramids without using destructive methods. In other words, the international team of researchers will be able to look through each structure using “X-ray vision” for the first time in history!

The primary technique in the project will involve directing beams of indirect cosmic rays on the pyramids themselves. When cosmic rays bombard a certain area in the atmosphere, they produce particles known as muons, which have a high ability to traverse matter. Although the properties of muons make them excellent options for “seeing” through the pyramids’ rocks, some of them would still be absorbed by the rocks themselves. To solve this problem, scientists will use tools that are able to detect any voids in the pyramids by analyzing the number of muons that have been blocked by the structure. Past evidence of this technique, used in some pyramids in South America, shows promising results.

The new technology will initially be implemented in the Rhomboid Pyramid in Dahshur, which was built by Pharaoh Sneferu approximately 4,600 years ago. The rhomboidal shape of this pyramid includes a double slope, which still puzzles scientists to this day. Most believe that the sloping side was an afterthought in construction or a quick solution to a collapsing wall. In addition to locating potential chambers inside of this pyramid, archaeologists are interested in finding any other clues that will explain the unique shape of its structure. Once testing has been wrapped up in Dahshur, the teams will make their way to Giza and use the technology once more. However, not all historians are onboard with the idea of using technology to explore these last two pyramids.

Despite the fact that this new technology could unearth hidden mysteries in the structures in Giza, some scientists argue that previous methods have already exhausted all possible chambers. Although it is true that the diverse chambers of the Pyramid of Cheops have already been verified, the new study will rule out the possibility of any additional, hidden spaces. Even if it does not lead to any new conclusions, it will prove as a testament to technology’s increasingly helpful ways of identifying the past.

Based on the text, how will scientists identify hidden chambers in the pyramids using infrared technology?

By analyzing the number of muons blocked by the structure.

Ten years ago, scientists found that rats save other rats who are in trouble. A UC Berkeley research identified rats’ brain regions and functions that lead them to rescue bonded group members. Senior author Daniela Kaufer noted, “the group identity of the distressed rat dramatically influences the neural response and decision to help, revealing the biological mechanism of ingroup bias.” When one rat was trapped, the free rat’s brain showed empathy. But the free rat only tried to free the trapped one if they were from the same group. This may be reflected in humans’ tendency for empathy that is biased towards people with similar identities to themselves. A psychobiologist on the team suggests that “priming a common group membership may be a… powerful driver for inducing prosocial motivation.”

Based on the text, what may rats and humans have in common?

The ability to understand and share feelings of a similar species member.

The fascinating trademark of sunflowers is their insistence on facing the sun. As they grow, sunflowers turn themselves back and forth throughout the day to follow the sun’s path across the sky. They have a circadian clock that drives this movement. Once sunflowers mature fully, their stems stiffen and their movements slow and stop. Eventually, all sunflowers’ heads end up facing East toward the rising sun. The sun’s warmth helps the plants grow, reproduce, and helps attract bees. UC Davis Biologists recently explored this phenomenon. In the experiments, east-facing sunflower heads were much warmer in the morning than ones facing west. Direct sunlight also illuminates ultraviolet signs on the flower petals for the bees to see. So, bees visit the warm east-facing sunflowers in the morning when they have more energy.

Which of the following supports the idea that bees utilize time to their advantage?

Bees tend to occupy warmer sunflowers during the morning hours because they have more strength during that time.

Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a diet regimen that limits food intake to certain time slots. TRE has grown in popularity for weight loss. Previously, TRE studies looked at young male mice to measure weight loss effects. The Salk Institute researched broader populations’ responses to TRE. Within nine-hour windows each day, they fed foods high in fat and sugar to male and female mice. The male mice experienced improved muscle mass, preservation, and performance. While the female mice did not lose weight, both sexes benefitted from TRE. The feeding windows made mice less likely to die from sepsis. This finding has important implications for treating ICU patients. The research also revealed strong outcomes for both sexes, most age groups, and individuals with type 2 diabetes, infectious diseases, liver cancer, and fatty liver disease.

Based on the text, what is true regarding time-restricted eating (TRE)?

Although it is a restrictive diet plan, research shows that it could be beneficial for those battling certain diseases.

Gravity’s pull attracts objects in the Universe to each other. Gravity can warp space-time to reveal things far too distant to see typically. Einstein predicted this effect called gravitational lensing. New images from the Hubble Space Telescope show a brilliant ring of light in the sky connected by four bright spots. The ring encircles two other glowing lights. Though six points of light are depicted, this circle, called an Einstein Ring, displays three galaxies. Two galaxies appear in the middle of the ring. In the foreground, their massive gravitational fields are magnifying, distorting, and bending the light of a quasar behind them. The light from that quasar in the back bends around to form the ring with four bright spots. The galaxies in the front are so massive that a gravitational curvature – called a gravitational lens – appears around them in space-time.

Based on the text, what is a gravitational field capable of doing?

It can change light in a way that could make it appear larger.

Lung cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer deaths at 2 million per year worldwide. An early lung cancer test, low-dose computed tomography screening  (LDCT), could potentially save tens of thousands of lives. But less than 6% of Americans at risk for lung cancer get these screenings. That’s because of serious dangers associated with false positives. So researchers at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center developed a new artificial intelligence (AI) technology for testing blood. When their AI used DELFI (DNA evaluation of fragments for early interception) testing on almost 800 people, it was able to detect over 90% of existing lung cancer in samples. The DELFI method samples blood and searches for abnormal (cancerous) patterns in DNA fragments. DELFI could turn out to be an easy, cost-effective, and widely accessible alternative to test for lung cancer early on.

Which of the following supports the idea that the DELFI method is superior to LDCT method?

The DELFI method analyzes unusual DNA sequences whereas LDCT methods produce inaccurate results at times.

Almost two-thirds of people experience recurring dreams. Common themes are panic-inducing scenarios like natural disasters, being chased, falling, missing, or being late to an important event. Psychological studies have found that recurring dreams often occur during stressful periods in life. Not all recurring dreams manifest themes of fear, anger, sadness, or guilt. Recurring dreams can also feel euphoric, adventurous, or powerful. Some people first encounter a recurring dream in childhood. The dreams might come and go over periods of multiple years, especially during stress. These are signs of the brain trying to repeat scenarios. Many theories suspect that the brain dreams to help regulate emotions and integrate unresolved conflicts or psychologically challenging experiences. Persistent recurring dreams are associated with anxiety, depression, and worse psychological well-being. Repetitive dreams tend to subside after a conflict in one’s life has been resolved.

Based on the text, what is one way that psychologists believe that repetitive dreams could stop occurring in one’s life?

If the person is able to find a solution to deep-rooted conflict.

Scientists recently grew mini-brains from stem cells in a lab. All by themselves, the mini-brains started to grow very basic eye structures. The tiny brain prototypes in dishes spontaneously developed two symmetrical optic cups (where optic nerves are held). Researchers observed that the pseudo-eyes were forming similarly to how human embryos’ eyes start to appear. Neuroscientist Jay Gopalakrishnan of University Hospital Düsseldorf says that the research demonstrates brain tissues’ capacity “to generate primitive sensory structures that are light sensitive and harbor cell types similar to those found in the body.” The scientists hope to use these realizations to investigate interactions between the brain and eyes in utero and in genetic eye disorders affecting retinas. They may eventually be able to create retinal cell types specific to individual patients to personalize drug testing and transplantation.

Which of the following supports the idea that the brain prototypes were aligned with human biology?

The “eyes” that formed on the prototypes developed in a way that was related to the formation of eyes in human embryos.

A Yale University study uncovers how social media platforms are functioning to encourage outrage. Postdoctoral psychology researcher William Brady explains that “social media’s incentives are changing the tone of our political conversations online.” ‘Likes’ and ‘shares’ behave as reinforcement and disproportionately encourage language that expresses moral outrage. During real-world controversial events, the team led by associate professor of psychology Molly Crockett tested Twitter’s algorithms. They wanted to know if the algorithms specifically rewarded and popularized outrage. Brady and Crockett and colleagues found the first evidence that people learn to express increased outrage online through social media’s basic design. Individuals in politically extreme networks expressed more outrage than those in moderate networks. Outrage also escalated over time. Increasing radicalization is a result of the positive feedback loops that occur in social media’s reward system.

Based on the text, why is indignation becoming more commonly expressed online?

Because these types of aggressive attitudes are directly instigated by aspects of social media.

At the atomic level, glass consists of disorganized atoms. That’s why glass distorts, cracks, and breaks easily. Chemists recently figured out how to arrange glass’s atoms to make it much stronger. What makes diamonds one of the strongest substances is the mechanical linking of their building blocks. In diamonds, each carbon atom bonds to four neighbors, linking into an incredibly strong, organized bridge structure. Glass has an advantage in certain technologies due to some of its mechanical and optical properties. So, Yanshan researchers smashed carbon atom spheres using intense pressure, then baked them at 1,000-1,200 degrees Celsius. When they mapped the resulting substance’s atomic bonds, they found that their new glassy material, AM-III, had become the hardest amorphous solid yet. It is even harder than diamond- a thin slice of AM-III is able to scratch natural diamonds.

Which of the following supports the idea that AM-III is incredibly strong?

It is able to damage substances that are considered to be extremely durable.

Archaeologists excavated the tomb of an upper-class resident of Pompeii, Italy. The discovery dates back to before Mt. Vesuvius’s infamous volcanic ash eruption disaster that buried the whole city. The 2,000-year-old Pompeii man’s grave is inscribed ‘Marcus Venerius Secundio,’ a freed slave who later became a priest. The inscriptions also reveal that Marcus Venerius Secundio must have performed priestly rituals in Latin and Greek. It is therefore the first direct evidence of Greek performances in Pompeii.

The priest’s remains are partially mummified. An ear and some of his hair have been preserved. Researchers are lab-testing the body to see if the mummification was deliberate. The rectangular stone tomb has an arched ceiling. On the tomb walls, green plants were painted on a blue background, and some paint traces are still there.

Which of the following supports the idea that not only Latin was spoken during various ceremonies?

Some engravings contained clues about the presence of the Greek language.