U1 - Body Planes & Movement Terminology

Anatomical Position

Point from which all movement is measured

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into front and back parts

Median/Sagittal Plane

divides the body into left and right parts

axial/transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower parts

superior

closer to the head

inferior

further away from the head

anterior

towards the front of the body

posterior

toward the back of the body

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the trunk

distal

away from the trunk

superficial

toward the surface of the body

deep

inside the body and away from the body surface

dorsal

toward the back of the body

ventral

toward the front of the body

hemarthrosis

bleeding inside a joint

vital functions of bones (3)

mechanical, synthesizing, metabolic

mechanical functions of bone (3)

support, movement, protection

synthesizing functions of bone (2)

produces rbc/wbs/platelets, destroys defective blood cells

rbc function (2)

oxygen and co2 transport

wbc function (2)

protect from infection, produce antibodies

antibodies function

substance that causes body to make specific response

platelets function

clotting

metabolic functions of bone (6)

storing minerals, fat storage, PH balance, detoxification, endocrine function, calcium balance

resorption

breaking down bone

bones in human body

206

appendicular skeleton

shoulder, arm, hip, leg

axial skeleton

head, neck, ribs, spine

osteoblastic activity

builds bone

osteoclastic activity

breaks down bone

osteoporosis

condition where bones become thin, weak, brittle,

pagets disease

condition where bones grow misshapen

rickets

condition that gives bowed legs due to vitamin-d deficiency

epiphysis

growth plate

cartilage functions (3)

shock absorption, smooth movement, shape

elastic cartilage

most flexible cartilage; ears

hyaline cartilage

most common cartilage, lines joints and end of bones; nose

fibrocartilage

strongest cartilage; knee

types of joints (3)

diarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, synarthrodial

diarthrodial/synovial joint

most common joint, layer of fibrocartilage, synovial fluid within synovial membrane

amphiarthrodial joint

slightly moveable; intervertebral discs

synarthrodial joint

immovable; cranial bones, teeth sockets

ball and socket joint

ex. hip, shoulder

condyloid/ellipsoid joint

ex. metacarpophalangeal joint

plane/gliding joint

ex. acromioclavicular joint

hinge joint

ex. knee, elbow

pivot joint

ex. radial ulnar joint

saddle joint

ex. base of thumb

synovial membrane (2)

connects two bones, produces synovial fluid

fibrous layer

layer outside of synovial membrane

functions of muscle (7)

mobility, posture, joint stabilization, body heat, circulation, digestion, respiration

tendons (2)

connect muscle to bone, assist with generating force

ligaments

bone to bone

flexion

decreasing joint angle

extension

increasing joint angle to anatomical position

hyperextension

extension past anatomical position

adduction

moving a body part toward the midline

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline

horizontal abduction & adduction

thigh and arm abduction/adduction

medial/lateral rotation

rotation in the elbow/knee when at 90 degrees

rotation

rotary movement around a fixed axis

circumduction

movement in a circular motion

plantarflexion

depression of the foot

dorsiflexion

point foot up

inversion

inward rotation of the foot

eversion

outward rotation of foot

pronation

inward rotation

supination

outward rotation

ulnar deviation

towards pinky

radial deviation

towards thumb

lateral flexion

side to side bending of the trunk

elevation

movement of shoulder superior

depression

movement of shoulder inferior

protraction

movement of shoulder anterior

retraction

movement of shoulder posterior

valgus stress

lateral to medial force

varus stress

medial to lateral force