Anatomy and Phys Ch 1-4

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and its parts.

Physiology

The study of how the body functions.

Gross Anatomy

The study of body structures that can be seen without a microscope.

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of structures that are too small to be seen without magnification

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The study of tissues

What is structural organization of the body from simplest to most complex?

Chemical, Cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What is the Chemical Level?

Atoms and Molecules that make up the body

What is the Cellular Level?

Cells, the basic structural and functional units of the body.

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organ

A structure made of two or more tissues that performs a specific function

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform major body functions

Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Why is Homeostasis important?

Cells need stable conditions to function properly

Negative Feedback

A response that reverses or reduces the original change

Give an example of Negative Feedback

When body temperature rises, the body sweats to cool itself down.

Positive Feedback

A response that increases or reinforces the original change.

Give an example of Positive Feedback

Labor contractions becoming stronger during childbirth.

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, with palms facing forward.

Superior

Toward the head or above another structure

Inferior

Toward the feet or below another structure

Anterior

Toward the front of the body

Posterior

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body.

Distal

Farther from the point where a limb attaches to the body.

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Farther away from the surface of the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right portions

Midsagittal Plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

Parasagittal Plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right portions

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Divides the body into Anterior and posterior portions

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions

Dorsal body cavity

The cavity containing the brain and spinal cord

What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

Cranial Cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity

Ventral body cavity

The cavity containing many of the body’s major organs

What are the major subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

Thoracic Cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Mediastinum

The central region of the thoracic Cavity containing the heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus, and major blood vessels.

Abdominal Cavity

The portion of the abdominopelvic cavity containing organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and intestines.

Pelvic Cavity

The cavity containing organs such a as the urinary bladder and reproductive organs, as well as the rectum.

Four types of tissues

Epithelial-Protective coverings

Connective-Connects

Muscular-Contractile

Neural-Sends Electrical signals/communicates

Integumentary system

Skin, hair, and nails

Skeletal system

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Muscular system

Skeletal muscles

Lymphatic/immune System

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Respiratory System

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Urinary system

Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, and sense organs

Endocrine system

pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids (releases hormones)

Circulatory/cardiovascular system

heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

Digestive system

Stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

What are the three main subatomic particles?

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Where are protons and neutrons found?

In the Nucleus

What is the primary function of ATP in the body?

To release energy for cellular work

Catabolism

Breaks larger molecules down into smaller ones

Anabolism

Builds larger molecules from smaller ones

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions happening in your body

Synthesis

Putting together the larger and smaller parts

What is the optimal pH for most enzymes to function effectively?

7

Water

Is a solvent, a lubricant, and changes temperature slowly

Solution

Particles of matter dissolved in a substance (gas, solid, or liquid and must be clear)

Colloid

Mixture of protein and water (can change from liquid to gel and mixture is cloudy)

Buffers

Prevents changes in pH

Organic compounds

compounds generally associated with carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

Carbohydrates

Provide major source of energy

Lipids

Energy storage

What are proteins made of? What is the function?

Amino Acids. Transportation and builds structure.

What are nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is the cell

The basic structural and functional unit of the human body

What is the plasma membrane

The boundary surrounding the cell that regulates what can enter and leave it

Selective permeability

The membrane allows some substances to pass through while restricting others

Phospholipids

Fat like molecules that make up most of the cell membrane

Organelles

The cells little organs

Mitochondria

makes ATP that powers the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and ships proteins

Hypertonic solution

Water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink

Hypotonic solution

water enters the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst

isotonic solution

no net movement so the cell maintains its size

Lysosomes

Recycles cellular components

Phagocytosis

“Cell eating”

Microbiome

a collection of microorganisms living in and on the human body

What is the primary component of the human microbiome

Bacteria

How many microorganisms reside in a healthy adults microbiome

100 trillion

The human microbiome has how many genes

8 million