Health psych final

Health behaviors

Health behaviors are actions individuals take that affect their health, including habits related to physical activity, diet, substance use, and preventive health care.

Health behavior and their relevance to morbididty

Health behaviors relate to how individuals manage their health and lifestyle choices, which can significantly affect their well-being and morbidity rates. For instance, behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise can lead to higher rates of chronic diseases, impacting quality of life and increasing morbidity. Conversely, engaging in healthy behaviors like regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and preventive care can reduce the risk of illness and improve overall health outcomes.

Health behaviors and their relevance to mortality

Health behaviors can directly impact mortality rates, as engaging in negative behaviors (like smoking or poor diet) can increase the risk of chronic diseases, leading to higher mortality, while positive behaviors (such as regular exercise and healthy eating) can reduce the risk of premature death

Health Belief Model

• (susceptibility, severity, benefits, costs, cues to action, self-efficacy)

What is the Health Belief Model?

The Health Belief Model is a psychological model that explains and predicts health behaviors by focusing on individuals' attitudes and beliefs about health conditions.

What are the key components of the Health Belief Model?

The key components of the Health Belief Model include susceptibility, severity, benefits, costs, cues to action, and self-efficacy.

What does 'susceptibility' mean in the context of the Health Belief Model?

In the Health Belief Model, susceptibility refers to an individual's belief about their risk of contracting a disease or health condition.

What does 'severity' refer to in the Health Belief Model?

Severity in the Health Belief Model is the individual's belief about the seriousness of the disease or health condition and its consequences.

What are 'benefits' in the Health Belief Model?

Benefits refer to the perceived advantages of taking a specific health action to reduce the risk or impact of a health problem.

What do 'costs' represent in the Health Belief Model?

Costs represent the perceived barriers or costs associated with taking a health action, which may deter individuals from engaging in that action.

What are 'cues to action' in the Health Belief Model?

Cues to action are triggers or stimuli that motivate individuals to engage in health-promoting behaviors.

What is 'self-efficacy' in the Health Belief Model?

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's confidence in their ability to take action to achieve a desired health outcome.

Theory of Planned behavior

• attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control)

Physical activity

Physical activity is any movement of the body that requires energy expenditure, including activities like walking, running, dancing, and exercising.

Exercise

Exercise is a type of physical activity that is performed specifically for the purpose of improving physical fitness, health, or overall well-being

fitness

the condition of being physically fit and healthy.

Guilnines for physical activity in adults

at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week, plus muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days a week. 

the physical and psychological benefits of regular exercise

improved cardiovascular health, reduced risk of chronic diseases, enhanced mood, stress relief, and improved cognitive function. 

forecasting myopia

In the context of health psychology, "forecasting myopia" refers to the tendency to place disproportionate weight on immediate outcomes or experiences, potentially leading to underestimation of long-term benefits or consequences, especially in areas like exercise or health behaviors. 

self-efficacy

an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform behaviors needed to achieve specific health-related goals, influencing motivation, effort, and persistence in the face of challenges

Describe the characteristics of effective physical activity interventions

tailored to the individual, focus on behavior change, incorporate social support, and address environmental factors to promote sustainable lifestyle changes. 

Describe the factors that control sleep timing, and components of sleep continuity

Sleep timing is controlled by both internal biological rhythms (circadian rhythm) and external factors like light exposure and sleep-wake history, while sleep continuity is assessed by factors like sleep efficiency and the frequency and duration of awakenings. 

What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?

The Theory of Planned Behavior is a psychological theory that links beliefs and behavior, suggesting that intention is the primary determinant of whether an individual will engage in a behavior.

What are the three key components of the Theory of Planned Behavior?

The three key components are attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which together shape an individual's intention to perform a specific behavior.

What does 'attitudes' refer to in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

In the Theory of Planned Behavior, attitudes reflect an individual's positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior, influencing their intention to engage in that behavior.

What are 'subjective norms' in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Subjective norms refer to the perceived social pressures to engage or not engage in a behavior, including the influence of friends, family, and society on an individual's decision-making.

What is 'perceived behavioral control' in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Perceived behavioral control refers to an individual's belief in their capability to perform a given behavior, which can affect their intention and actual behavior.

Self monitoring

Self-monitoring refers to the process in which individuals track their behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to understand and manage their actions and health better. Benefits of self-monitoring include increased awareness of behaviors, identification of patterns, and enhanced ability to set and achieve health-related goals.

Operant conditioning

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

Contingency contracting

Contingency contracting is a behavioral modification technique that involves creating a contract between two parties, where certain behaviors will lead to specific consequences or rewards. Key components of a contingency contract include the specific behaviors to be changed, the desired outcomes or goals, the rewards for achieving them, and the penalties for not meeting the expectations.

Stimulus Control

Stimulus control refers to the process in which a behavior is triggered or influenced by specific environmental cues or stimuli, leading to a particular response under certain conditions. Examples of stimuli that can control behaviors include signals like a specific time of day, locations, or specific objects that elicit a response, such as a bell signaling time to eat.

Implementation intentions

Implementation intentions are specific plans that outline when, where, and how an individual intends to carry out a goal-directed behavior. They help bridge the gap between intention and action by specifying the context in which a behavior should occur. work by forming mental links between situational cues and goal-directed behaviors, making it more likely that individuals will act on their intentions when the specified cues occur.

Gain framed messages

gain-framed messages are persuasive communications that emphasize the benefits or positive outcomes of adopting a particular behavior or making a certain choice.Gain-framed messages can influence behavior by highlighting the advantages or rewards associated with a behavior, which can motivate individuals to engage in that behavior.

loss frames messages

Loss-framed messages are persuasive communications that focus on the negative consequences or losses that may occur if a particular behavior is not adopted or a specific choice is not made.Loss-framed messages can influence behavior by emphasizing the potential losses or drawbacks of not engaging in a behavior, which may motivate individuals to take action to avoid those negative outcomes.

Identify the consequences of poor sleep for physical and psychological well-being

fatigue, impaired cognitive function, mood swings, increased risk of chronic diseases, and potentially worsening existing mental health conditions. 

What is the Transtheoretical Model?

The Transtheoretical Model, also known as the Stages of Change Theory, is a behavioral change model that describes the stages individuals go through when modifying behavior.

What are the stages of change in the Transtheoretical Model?

The stages of change are Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.

What does 'Precontemplation' mean in the Transtheoretical Model?

In the Precontemplation stage, individuals are not yet considering change and may be unaware of the need for change.

What occurs during the 'Contemplation' stage in the Transtheoretical Model?

In the Contemplation stage, individuals are aware of their problem and are actively thinking about changing but have not yet made a commitment to take action.

What is involved in the 'Preparation' stage of the Transtheoretical Model?

During the Preparation stage, individuals intend to take action in the immediate future and may begin making small behavioral changes.

What actions define the 'Action' stage in the Transtheoretical Model?

In the Action stage, individuals actively modify their behavior and are implementing their change strategies.

What is the 'Maintenance' stage in the Transtheoretical Model?

The Maintenance stage involves sustaining the behavior change and preventing relapse over time.

obesity trends among U.S. adults over the past 40 years

Over the past four decades, U.S. adult obesity rates have significantly increased, rising from around 13% in the early 1960s to approximately 40% in recent years

the role of insulin in long term weight regulation

Insulin plays a crucial role in long-term weight regulation by influencing glucose metabolism, fat storage, and appetite, with imbalances leading to weight gain and insulin resistance

the role of leptin in long term weight regulation

a hormone primarily produced by fat cells, plays a crucial role in long-term weight regulation by signaling to the brain about the body's energy stores, influencing appetite and energy expenditure

set points for weight determination

a body's natural weight range, influenced by genetics, lifestyle, and other factors, where it tends to fluctuate, and the body actively resists significant deviations from

basal metabolic rate

the minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain essential functions at rest, such as breathing, circulation, and cell growth. 

What is weight cycling

also known as yo-yo dieting, refers to the repeated pattern of losing and regaining weight over time. It involves intentional weight loss followed by subsequent weight gain, often exceeding the original weight

What is metabolic syndrome

a cluster of biochemical and physiological abnormalities associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Describe the causes and consequences of weight stigma

a form of discrimination based on body weight, stems from societal biases and stereotypes, leading to negative consequences like poor mental and physical health, and reduced quality of life. 

the features of substance use disorders as characterized in the DSM-5

Substance use disorders are characterized by a pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following criteria within a 12-month period: 1) taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended, 2) unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use, 3) a great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, 4) cravings, 5) failure to fulfill major role obligations, 6) continued use despite social or interpersonal problems, 7) important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up, 8) continued use despite physical or psychological problems, and 9) tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

physical and psychosocial consequences of alcohol use

dementia, sexual impotence, cirrhosis of the liver, and heart disease; and sudden withdrawal can produce severe anxiety, tremors, hallucinations, and life-threatening convulsions. RESULT OF YOUR DRINKING AND OTHERS' DRINKING: hangovers.

role of genes, personality, and psychosocial factors in alcohol dependence

each of these can change how tolarable a person is to alc

interventions that have been used to treat alcohol dependence

therapy, drugs, basic addiction programs

physical effects of nicotine and discuss the health hazards associated with tobacco use and e-cigarette use

increased heart rate and blood pressure, lung damage, and potential harm to developing brains, especially in youth. 

biological, psychological, and social factors that may explain why people start smoking, why they continue, and why they find it difficult to quit

its highly addictive and changes the functioning of the body. The mainly start smoking due to the people in their life

between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and how both concepts are related to nicotine dependence

with positive reinforcement likely playing a role in initial smoking and negative reinforcement maintaining addiction and relapse. 

health psycology

application of psycological principles

health

the state in which disease is absent, absence of symptoms, absesence of signs

health disparities

differences in health outcomes among different population groups

paient protection

laws designed to safeguard patient rights and ensure quality care.

affordable care act

a comprehensive healthcare reform law enacted in 2010 aimed at expanding access to health insurance, improving quality of care, and reducing healthcare costs.

humoral theory

an ancient medical concept that attributes health to the balance of bodily fluids, or humors, including blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.

epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease within a community or population at a particular time.

pandemic

a global outbreak of a disease affecting a large number of people across multiple countries or continents.

biomedical model

a perspective that explains health and illness solely through biological factors, often excluding psychological and social influences.

psychosomatic medicine

a field that studies the interaction between psychological processes and physical health, emphasizing how mental states can affect bodily functions.

etiology

the study of the causes of diseases and health conditions.

biopsychosocial modle

a comprehensive approach to health that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.

genomics

the study of genes and their functions, particularly how genetic variations influence health and disease.

epigenetic

the study of how environmental factors can change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

subjective well being

a person's self-evaluated happiness and life satisfaction, encompassing both emotional responses and cognitive judgments.

birth cohort

a group of individuals born during the same time period, often studied to understand health outcomes and social changes across generations.

acute disorder

a medical condition characterized by severe symptoms that occur suddenly and are typically short-lived.

chronic illness

a long-lasting medical condition that can be controlled but not cured, often requiring ongoing management and treatment.

socioeconimic status

the social and economic factors that influence an individual's or group's position within a hierarchical social structure, often affecting access to resources and health outcomes.

immigrant paradox

the phenomenon where immigrants, despite facing socioeconomic disadvantages, often exhibit better health outcomes than their native-born counterparts. specifically Indian families

transgender and gender nonconforming

individuals whose gender identity or expression differs from societal expectations based on their assigned sex at birth, often facing unique health challenges and disparities.

gender-neutral lngueage

language that avoids bias towards a particular gender, promoting inclusivity and equality in communication.

ecological-systems approach

a theoretical framework that examines individuals within the context of their environments, emphasizing the interaction between personal and environmental factors in shaping behavior and health outcomes.

positive health

a state of overall well-being that encompasses physical, mental, and social health, allowing individuals to thrive and achieve their full potential.

health literacy

the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make informed health decisions.

Social determinates for health

education access, healthcare, access, economic stability, community, neighborhood environment.

confirmation bias

the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

evidence based medicine

a clinical practice approach that integrates the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make decisions about patient care.

critical thinking

the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment. crucial to every person on the planet

epidemiology

the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations.

descriptive study

A research method that provides a detailed account of a population, situation, or phenomenon without manipulating variables.

observational study

A type of research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference or manipulation, often used to gather data on behaviors and outcomes.

quasi-experiement

A research design that closely resembles an experiment but lacks random assignment to treatment or control groups, allowing for the examination of causal relationships in real-world settings.

cross sectional study

A type of observational study that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time, often used to identify prevalence or correlations.

longitudinal study

A research method that involves repeated observations of the same variables over an extended period, allowing for the analysis of changes and developments over time. Must be the same people

morbididty

The condition of being diseased or the incidence of illness in a population.

mortality

The amount of deaths that occur

incidence

the occurrence of new cases of a disease or health condition in a specific population during a particular time period.

prevalence

the total number of cases of a disease or health condition in a specific population at a given time, typically expressed as a proportion or percentage.

retrospective study

A research method that looks back at historical data or events to analyze outcomes and relationships between variables, often relying on existing records or patient histories.

case control study

A research design that compares individuals with a specific condition (cases) to individuals without the condition (controls), looking backward to identify factors that may contribute to the condition's occurrence.

prospective study

A research method that follows participants over time to observe outcomes and relationships between variables, collecting data as events unfold.

qualitative research

A research method that focuses on understanding human experiences, behaviors, and social phenomena through in-depth exploration, often using interviews, focus groups, or content analysis to gather non-numerical data.