APUSH ERAS CHRONOLOGY

1. Native American Societies & Cultures

• Definition: Indigenous societies across North America with distinct cultures, economies, and political systems before European colonization.

• Key People Involved: Iroquois, Sioux, Algonquian, Cherokee, Pueblo, and many other tribes.

• Dates/Period: 1491–1607

• Relation to Chronology: Their cultures were the first encountered by European explorers and settlers, profoundly shaping the early history of the Americas.

2. European Exploration & Colonization

• Definition: The period when European powers, such as Spain, France, and England, began exploring and establishing colonies in the Americas.

• Key People Involved: Christopher Columbus (Spain), John Cabot (England), Jacques Cartier (France), Hernán Cortés (Spain).

• Dates/Period: Late 15th Century to Early 17th Century (period 1)

• Relation to Chronology: Marked the beginning of European presence in the New World and set the stage for colonial development.

The Columbian Exchange

• Definition: The transfer of goods, people, culture, and diseases between the New World and the Old World after Columbus’ voyages.

• Key People Involved: Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés, and early explorers and settlers.

• Dates/Period: 1492-1800 period 1

• Relation to Chronology: Significantly affected the environment, economy, and populations on both sides of the Atlantic, creating lasting cultural exchanges and devastations.

Enlightenment

Definition: A philosophical movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, influencing American political thought and the push for independence.
Key People: John Locke, Montesquieu, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin
Relation to Chronology: Provided the intellectual foundation for the American Revolution, particularly ideas about democracy, government, and natural rights.
Date: 1685–1815 periods 2-3

First Great Awakening

Definition: A religious revival movement emphasizing personal faith, emotional spirituality, and a direct relationship with God, reacting against the rationalism of the Enlightenment.
Key People: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Gilbert Tennent
Relation to Chronology: Influenced the development of religious diversity in the colonies and helped unify the American people culturally in the lead-up to the Revolution.
Date: 1730s–1740s period 2

American Revolution

Definition: The conflict between the American colonies and Britain that led to the establishment of the United States as an independent nation.
Key People: George Washington, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, King George III
Relation to Chronology: Marked the birth of the United States and the beginning of a new experiment in self-governance.
Date: 1775–1783
APUSH Period: Period 3 (1754–1800)

Articles of Confederation

Definition: The first constitution of the United States, creating a loose confederation of states with a weak central government.
Key People: John Dickinson, James Madison, George Washington
Relation to Chronology: Demonstrated the weaknesses of the central government, leading to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.
Date: 1781–1789
APUSH Period: Period 3 (1754–1800)

Constitutional Era

Definition: The period during which the U.S. Constitution was created and the new government took shape, focusing on debates over federalism and the balance of power.
Key People: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington
Relation to Chronology: The foundation of the United States government, shaping its political, legal, and economic structures.
Date: 1787–1820s
APUSH Period: Period 3 (1754–1800) / Period 4 (1800–1848)

Second Great Awakening

Definition: A religious revival movement that emphasized salvation through personal faith, social reforms, and emotional religious experiences. It led to the growth of new denominations and sparked various reform movements, including abolitionism, women's rights, and temperance.
Key People: Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher, Peter Cartwright
Relation to Chronology: The Second Great Awakening greatly influenced the antebellum reform movements, such as abolitionism and the women's rights movement, encouraging a broader sense of moral responsibility in American society.
Date: 1790s–1830s
APUSH Period: Period 4 (1800–1848)

Market Revolution

Definition: A transformation in the American economy due to innovations in transportation, communication, and manufacturing, leading to greater market integration.
Key People: Samuel Morse, Eli Whitney, Robert Fulton, Henry Clay
Relation to Chronology: Fuelled the growth of the Northern economy and shaped the political landscape, contributing to sectional tensions.
Date: 1815–1860
APUSH Period: Period 4 (1800–1848)

First Wave of the Temperance Movement

Date: 1820s–1840s

Definition: The first significant organized effort in the United States to reduce alcohol consumption, primarily aimed at curbing the negative social effects of drinking, such as domestic violence, crime, and poverty.

Key People:

• Lyman Beecher (minister and leader of the movement)

• Frances Willard (later associated with the second wave, but active early on in the cause)

• Sarah and Angelina Grimké (sisters who were involved in both the abolition and temperance movements)

• The American Temperance Society (ATS)

Cause:

• Social Issues: In the early 19th century, alcohol consumption was widespread, and it was believed to contribute to significant social problems, such as family neglect, domestic violence, and crime. The temperance movement was a response to the detrimental impact of alcohol on individuals and society.

• Religious Influence: The Second Great Awakening (a religious revival) strongly influenced the early temperance movement, with leaders like Lyman Beecher arguing that temperance was a moral imperative.

• Rise of Reform Movements: The movement was part of the larger wave of social reform, which included abolitionism and the fight for women’s rights. Social activists began to see the need to address the moral and societal ills they perceived.

Effect:

• Increased Awareness: The movement led to a heightened national awareness about the dangers of alcohol and its social impact.

• Moral and Religious Framework: It helped to shape future reform movements by embedding moral arguments into social activism.

• Political Influence: The First Wave succeeded in getting some states to pass laws restricting alcohol consumption and limiting its sale.

• Connection to Other Movements: The First Wave of the temperance movement was closely linked to the Abolitionist Movement and the Women's Rights Movement, as many women involved in the temperance movement were also advocating for social reforms like the abolition of slavery and greater rights for women.

APUSH Period: Period 4 (1800–1848)

aboltionism

Abolitionism was the movement to end slavery in the United States, growing from moral, religious, and political roots. It ranged from gradual emancipation efforts to more radical calls for immediate and total abolition. It played a central role in heightening sectional tensions that led to the Civil War.

📅 Years Active:
1830s to 1865. (Periods 4-5)

📍 Chronological Context:

• APUSH Period 4 (1800–1848):

  • Tied to the Second Great Awakening, which emphasized moral reform.

  • Grew alongside other antebellum reform movements like temperance and women’s rights.

  • Became increasingly divisive and politically charged.

• APUSH Period 5 (1844–1877):

  • Intensified debates over territorial expansion (e.g., Wilmot Proviso, Kansas-Nebraska Act).

  • Catalyst for the Civil War.

  • Movement achieves success with the 13th Amendment (1865), abolishing slavery.

👤 Key People:

Name	Contribution
William Lloyd Garrison	Published The Liberator (1831), called for immediate emancipation.
Frederick Douglass	Former slave, eloquent speaker and writer; published The North Star.
Harriet Beecher Stowe	Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), galvanized anti-slavery sentiment.
Sojourner Truth	Former enslaved woman, powerful speaker on slavery and women’s rights.
Angelina & Sarah Grimké	Southern sisters who turned against slavery and became abolitionist leaders.
John Brown	Radical abolitionist who led violent raids, including at Harpers Ferry (1859).

Jacksonian Democracy

Definition: A political philosophy centered on greater democracy for the common man, opposing aristocratic control and promoting westward expansion.
Key People: Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, John C. Calhoun
Relation to Chronology: Marked a shift in political power towards the "common man" and contributed to the rise of political parties in the U.S.
Date: 1828–1840
APUSH Period: Period 4 (1800–1848)

First Wave of the Industrial Revolution in America

Date: 1830s–1870s, period 5 and 4

Definition: The First Wave of the Industrial Revolution in America refers to the period when the U.S. transitioned from an agrarian economy to an industrialized one, driven by technological innovations in manufacturing, transportation, and communication. This wave laid the groundwork for America's rise as an industrial power.

Key Causes:

1. Technological Innovations: The invention of key machines, such as the telegraph (Samuel Morse, 1844), steam engines, and mechanical looms helped revolutionize communication and manufacturing.

   • Effect: The rapid expansion of transportation networks, like railroads, and communication systems, which fostered economic growth and connected regions.

2. Growth of Railroads: The development of the Transcontinental Railroad (completed in 1869) was a major driver of the First Wave.

   • Effect: Facilitated the movement of goods, people, and raw materials across the country, creating national markets.

Key Effects:

1. Rise of Factories: The industrialization of industries such as textiles, iron, and coal led to the creation of factories.

   • Effect: This shift from small-scale production to mass production increased the supply of goods but also led to harsh working conditions and the rise of factory labor.

2. Economic Growth: The U.S. economy grew rapidly as manufacturing expanded, leading to increased exports and wealth accumulation, especially in the Northern states.

   • Effect: A sharp divide developed between the industrial North and the agrarian South, setting the stage for later political and economic tensions.

3. Labor Exploitation: Factory workers, including women and children, often worked long hours for low wages in dangerous conditions.

   • Effect: This exploitation led to the first labor unions and the beginnings of organized labor movements.

Abolitionism

Definition: A movement to end slavery and promote racial equality, particularly in the Southern United States.
Key People: Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
Relation to Chronology: Played a key role in the lead-up to the Civil War and the eventual end of slavery.
Date: 1830s–1865
APUSH Period: Period 5 (1844–1877)

Manifest Destiny

Definition: The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Key People: James K. Polk, John O'Sullivan, Stephen Austin
Relation to Chronology: Led to the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the expansion of U.S. territory.
Date: 1840s–1850s
APUSH Period: Period 5 (1844–1877)

Women's Rights Movement

Definition: A movement advocating for the legal, social, and political equality of women, particularly focusing on women's suffrage, property rights, and educational opportunities.
Key People: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, Lucretia Mott, Carrie Chapman Catt
Relation to Chronology: Played a crucial role in securing the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, significantly advancing women's rights in the United States. caused by industrialization allowing more jobs to women highlighting the need for requality. closely tied with abolitionist movments where women recognized their inequalities in others. temperence movment also allowed women to congregate together and gave them a sense of unity they used to advocate for their rights. Second great awaekning also emphasized morality they used to advocate for women
Date: 1848–1920
APUSH Period: Period 5 (1844–1877) / Period 7 (1890–1945)

Civil War Era

Definition: A conflict between the Northern Union states and the Southern Confederate states, primarily over slavery and states' rights.
Key People: Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis
Relation to Chronology: The culmination of sectional tensions, leading to the abolition of slavery and preservation of the Union.
Date: 1861–1865
APUSH Period: Period 5 (1844–1877)

Reconstruction

Definition: The period following the Civil War focused on rebuilding the Southern economy, integrating former slaves into society, and restoring Southern states to the Union.
Key People: Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Thaddeus Stevens, Ulysses S. Grant
Relation to Chronology: Marked the end of slavery but failed to fully integrate African Americans into society and politics.
Date: 1865–1877
APUSH Period: Period 5 (1844–1877)

Second Wave of the Industrial Revolution in America

Date: 1870s–1920s P6 and 7

Definition: The Second Wave of the Industrial Revolution in America refers to a more advanced phase of industrialization marked by the growth of heavy industries, such as steel, oil, and electricity. This phase also saw the rise of corporations, monopolies, and increased innovations in mass production.

Key Causes:

1. Technological Innovations: Inventions like the Bessemer process (1856), which revolutionized steel production, and the electric light bulb (Thomas Edison, 1879) spurred industrial growth.

   • Effect: Major industries, especially steel and electricity, flourished, leading to the rise of powerful industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller.

2. Expansion of Railroads and Markets: The expansion of the railroad system continued, and the development of interstate commerce facilitated national markets.

   • Effect: Large-scale factories could now supply goods nationwide, leading to mass consumer culture and the rise of corporations.

3. Development of Corporate Structures: The growth of corporations, the rise of monopolies, and the introduction of the trust system allowed businesses to dominate industries.

   • Effect: These new corporate structures enabled massive industrial growth but also led to monopolies and growing public concern over corporate power and corruption.

Key Effects:

1. Consolidation of Industry: Major industries such as steel, oil, and railroads were consolidated into large monopolies and trusts controlled by powerful figures like Rockefeller and Carnegie.

   • Effect: The concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few individuals led to significant political and economic influence, often at the expense of the common worker and consumer.

2. Mass Production and Consumer Goods: The introduction of assembly line production (e.g., Henry Ford and automobiles) revolutionized the way goods were manufactured and consumed.

   • Effect: The increased production of consumer goods created a more consumer-driven economy and led to the rise of a middle class, but it also intensified labor exploitation and the need for better working conditions.

3. Labor Movements and Strikes: The growth of large factories led to poor working conditions, low wages, and the rise of labor strikes such as the Pullman Strike (1894) and Haymarket Square (1886).

   • Effect: These strikes led to heightened tensions between workers and industrialists and eventually contributed to the rise of labor unions and more government regulation.

Why Different Waves?

The first wave (1830s–1870s) primarily involved basic industrialization (textile factories, steam power, etc.), whereas the second wave (1870s–1920s) was marked by more advanced technologies, the rise of corporations, and the widespread adoption of mass production. The shifts in technology, scale, and the way the economy was structured are why we divide the two into separate waves.

The gilded Age

Time: 1870-1900

Definition: The Gilded Age refers to a period of rapid industrialization, economic growth, and social change in the United States from the 1870s to the early 1900s. It was characterized by a concentration of wealth, political corruption, the rise of big business, and significant social inequality.

Key Causes:

1. Post-Civil War Reconstruction: When the government began to pull their troops from the south the compromise of 1877, it set the precedent for a disregard of morality and equality. When they pulled thri troops it amade a wider wealth gap between the rich and the poor and lead to Jim crow and disenfrichisment efforts. These racial and social hierarchies they preferred set the landscape for the gilded age. They pushed for systems like share cropping which kept poor whites and African Americans stuck in a perpetual loop of poverty.

   • Effect: The expansion of the economy and the emergence of new industrial centers helped lay the groundwork for the Gilded Age's economic boom, but also created deep social and racial divisions, particularly in the South.

2. Technological Innovations: Inventions like the Bessemer steel process, the telephone (by Alexander Graham Bell), and electricity (popularized by Thomas Edison) led to the growth of industries such as steel, telecommunications, and electrical power.

   • Effect: These innovations helped fuel the industrial revolution, contributing to the rise of monopolies and creating vast economic wealth but also leading to worker exploitation and unsafe working conditions.

3. Expansion of Railroads: The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 and the expansion of rail networks across the country played a central role in industrializing the U.S. economy.

   • Effect: Railroads facilitated national trade, connecting rural areas with cities, but also led to the concentration of power in the hands of a few railroad barons, contributing to monopolies and political corruption.

4. Laissez-Faire Capitalism: The federal government adopted a laissez-faire economic policy, with minimal regulation on businesses. This allowed industries to flourish but often at the expense of workers and consumers.

   • Effect: This led to the growth of powerful monopolies and trusts (e.g., Standard Oil, U.S. Steel), where a few wealthy individuals or corporations controlled entire industries, exacerbating economic inequality.

5. Mass Immigration: Large waves of immigrants, primarily from Europe, entered the U.S. in the late 19th century, providing a cheap labor force for factories and railroads.

   • Effect: Immigrants contributed to industrial growth but faced harsh working conditions, crowded living spaces, and discrimination. This led to growing tension between labor and management.

6. Social Darwinism: The belief in Social Darwinism justified the wealth of industrialists by claiming that success was a result of "natural selection," with the wealthy being the "fittest" in society.

   • Effect: This ideology was used to defend the concentration of wealth and oppose any efforts to regulate businesses or provide aid to the poor, further entrenching inequality.

7. Political Corruption and Patronage: During this period, political machines (e.g., Tammany Hall) and corrupt politicians used patronage to maintain control, trading government jobs for political support.

   • Effect: This led to widespread political corruption, such as the Grant administration's scandals (e.g., Credit Mobilier), and undermined public trust in the government.

Second Wave of the Temperance Movement

Date: 1870s–1920s

Definition: A renewed and more organized phase of the temperance movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which ultimately led to the national prohibition of alcohol in the United States through the 18th Amendment.

Key People:

• Frances Willard (key figure in the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU))

• Carrie Nation (a radical temperance advocate known for her actions of smashing saloons)

• The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

• The Anti-Saloon League (ASL)

Cause:

• Women’s Activism: The Second Great Awakening continued to influence women’s activism. As women gained more political and social awareness, they began to fight not only for temperance but also for broader rights, including the right to vote.

• Industrialization and Urbanization: The rapid growth of cities and the rise of working-class families in industrial settings led to an increase in alcohol consumption, and many working-class men drank away their wages. This created further economic and social instability, especially for women and children.

• Connection with Other Movements: The Second Wave was more directly linked with the Women’s Suffrage Movement and the Progressive Movement. Women’s involvement in temperance gave them a platform to advocate for their broader rights, including the right to vote (which they would gain in 1920 with the 19th Amendment).

• A Reaction to the Gilded Age: In the post-Civil War period, the Gilded Age saw growing corruption, industrial monopolies, and excesses of wealth. Many Progressives and reformers saw temperance as part of their broader mission to address these social problems and curb societal excesses.

Effect:

• Prohibition: The efforts of the Second Wave culminated in the 18th Amendment (1919), which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the United States, a key victory for the temperance movement.

• Broader Social Reform: The movement helped highlight the role of women in social reform and tied the cause of temperance to larger issues of public health, moral reform, and women’s rights.

• Resistance and Backlash: Although the temperance movement succeeded in passing Prohibition, it also led to widespread resistance (e.g., illegal alcohol production, speakeasies) and contributed to the rise of organized crime.

• Connection to Women’s Rights: The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), which played a leading role in the Second Wave, also advocated for women’s suffrage and played a role in the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote.

APUSH Period: Period 6 (1865–1898) / Period 7 (1890–1945)

Progressive Era

Definition: A social and political movement aimed at addressing problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption through reforms in business, government, and society.
Key People: Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Jane Addams, Ida B. Wells
Relation to Chronology: Led to significant reforms, including trust-busting, women's suffrage, and labor rights.
Date: 1890s–1920
APUSH Period: Period 7 (1890–1945)

World War 1

Time: 1914–1918 (U.S. involvement: 1917–1918)
📘 Period 7
📖 Definition: A global conflict rooted in European rivalries and militarism. The U.S. joined late, motivated by unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Woodrow Wilson, General John J. Pershing
🧭 Chronology: First major U.S. military involvement overseas; led to the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations debates. Sets the stage for WWII.

Prohibitionist movement

time: 1920-1933

Period 7

By the early 1900s, the Second Temperance Movement had evolved into a more political and legal effort, pushing for Prohibition as a national law. This culminated in the 18th Amendment (1919), which was the legal outcome of the Prohibition Movement. 1919: The 18th Amendment (Prohibition) was passed, which made alcohol illegal in the U.S.

1920–1933: The Prohibition Era occurred, but it led to illegal alcohol production and organized crime, and it was repealed in 1933 by the 21st Amendment.

The Harlem Renaissance

• time: 1920s

• Definition: A cultural, social, and artistic movement centered in Harlem, New York, that celebrated African American culture and intellectualism.

• Period: Period 7 (The Emergence of Modern America)

• Cause and Effect: The Harlem Renaissance was a result of the Great Migration, where African Americans moved from the rural South to urban centers in the North. It represented a cultural awakening and led to an explosion of African American art, literature, and music, including jazz. Its effects included greater racial pride, the challenge to racial segregation, and the laying of the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement.

The Great Depression

🕒 1929–1941
📘 Period 7
📖 Definition: An economic collapse caused by the stock market crash, bank failures, and under-regulated markets. Led to massive unemployment and social distress.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt
🧭 Chronology: Follows the Roaring Twenties; prompts a historic shift in government’s economic role.

The New Deal

• Time: 1933-1939

• Definition: A series of government programs and reforms aimed at addressing the economic hardships of the Great Depression, including relief, recovery, and reform efforts.

• Period: Period 8 (The Great Depression and World War II)

• Cause and Effect: The New Deal was a response to the devastating effects of the Great Depression, including widespread unemployment and economic collapse. Its effects included the expansion of federal government involvement in the economy, the creation of Social Security, and the establishment of labor rights, though it did not fully end the Depression until the onset of World War II.

World War II

🕒 1939–1945 (U.S. involvement: 1941–1945)
📘 Period 7
📖 Definition: A global war against Axis powers. The U.S. joined after Pearl Harbor and played a key role in Allied victory.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Rosie the Riveter (symbolic)
🧭 Chronology: Ends the Great Depression, establishes the U.S. as a superpower, and leads to Cold War tensions.

Cold War era

🕒 1945–1991
📘 Period 8
📖 Definition: A long struggle for global influence between the U.S. and Soviet Union, fought through proxy wars, espionage, and nuclear arms competition.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan
🧭 Chronology: Defines U.S. foreign and domestic policy after WWII; sets up U.S. involvement in Korea, Vietnam, and more.

Civil Rights movement

🕒 1954–1968
📘 Period 8
📖 Definition: A movement to end segregation and racial injustice through legal challenges, nonviolent protest, and legislation.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Thurgood Marshall
🧭 Chronology: Builds on Reconstruction-era struggles; leads to landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act.

Great Society

🕒 1964–1968
📘 Period 8
📖 Definition: President Johnson’s domestic reform program aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice. Includes Medicare, Medicaid, and education funding.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Lyndon B. Johnson
🧭 Chronology: Expands on the New Deal; overlaps with Civil Rights Movement and Vietnam War.

Women’s Liberation Movement (Second-Wave Feminism)

🕒 1960s–1980s
📘 Periods 8–9
📖 Definition: Focused on gender equality, workplace rights, reproductive freedom, and ending legal discrimination.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm
🧭 Chronology: Builds on earlier suffrage movement; inspires future LGBTQ+ and intersectional activism.

Antiwar Movement (Vietnam Era)

🕒 1965–1973
📘 Period 8
📖 Definition: Widespread opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam, especially among students and activists.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Muhammad Ali, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Daniel Ellsberg
🧭 Chronology: Reflects Cold War fatigue; accelerates public mistrust in government and media.

Conservative Movement / Reagan Revolution

🕒 1980–1992
📘 Period 9
📖 Definition: A political shift emphasizing small government, lower taxes, and traditional values. Reaganomics redefined federal policy.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Ronald Reagan, Phyllis Schlafly, Newt Gingrich
🧭 Chronology: Reaction to liberalism of the 1960s–70s; reorients Republican Party and federal priorities.

Globalization Era

🕒 1990s–present
📘 Period 9
📖 Definition: Growing global economic and cultural interdependence due to trade, technology, and communication.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Bill Clinton, Steve Jobs (symbolic of tech globalization), members of the WTO
🧭 Chronology: Follows Cold War; sparks both economic opportunity and concerns over labor, environment, and inequality.

War on Terror

🕒 2001–present (peak: 2001–2011)
📘 Period 9
📖 Definition: U.S. military and policy response to 9/11 attacks, including wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and expansion of homeland security.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: George W. Bush, Osama bin Laden, Barack Obama
🧭 Chronology: Redefines U.S. foreign policy post-Cold War; leads to debates over civil liberties, surveillance, and military intervention.

Modern Social Movements

🕒 2010s–present
📘 Period 9
📖 Definition: Renewed activism for racial justice, LGBTQ+ rights, climate action, gun reform, and immigration, often powered by social media.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Key People: Patrisse Cullors (BLM co-founder), Greta Thunberg (climate), Emma González (gun control)
🧭 Chronology: Builds on past reform traditions; shows the role of youth and digital platforms in 21st-century activism.

• Key People Involved: Know-Nothing Party American Protection Association.

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Labor Unions and Strikes

• Definition: Worker organizations and strikes advocating for better working conditions wages and hours during the rise of industrial capitalism.

• Key People Involved: Samuel Gompers (AFL) Eugene V. Debs (ARU).

• Dates/Period: Late 19th Century (especially 1880s–1900s)

• Relation to Chronology: These efforts marked the beginnings of labor rights movements which would lead to the establishment of key labor laws in the 20th century.

**Civil Rights Movement (Early

Pre-1950s)**

• Definition: Early civil rights efforts before the modern movement in the 1950s advocating for racial equality and the end of segregation.

• Key People Involved: W.E.B. Du Bois

Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells.

• Dates/Period: Early 20th Century (1900s–1940s)

• Relation to Chronology: Set the stage for the post-WWII Civil Rights Movement which would achieve landmark legal victories in the 1960s.