Meiosis and Genetic Variability

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary related to meiosis, genetic variation, and associated genetic disorders.

Meiosis

A special type of cell division that results in gametes with half the number of chromosomes.

Diploid

A cell that contains two complete sets (46) of chromosomes.

Haploid

A cell that contains a single set (23) of chromosomes.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of chromosomes, which can result from nondisjunction during meiosis.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

Karyotype

A photograph of an individual's chromosomes, used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.

Spermatogenesis

The process by which sperm cells are produced through meiosis.

Oogenesis

The process by which egg cells are produced through meiosis.

Nondisjunction

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, leading to aneuploidy.

Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Independent assortment

The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes during gamete formation.

Trisomy 21

A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21, commonly known as Down syndrome.

Turner's syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome.

Klinefelter syndrome

A genetic condition in males who have an extra X chromosome, resulting in XXY instead of XY.

Allele

Different forms of a gene that can exist at a particular locus.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, composed of the alleles inherited from both parents.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an individual resulting from the interaction of their genotype with the environment.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that may lead to genetic disorders.

Translocation

A chromosomal abnormality caused by the rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes.

Amniocentesis

A prenatal procedure used to obtain amniotic fluid for genetic testing, including karyotyping.